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            • 1．

              Passage Two

                Tim Richter and his wife, Linda, had taught for over 30 years near Buffalo,New York----he in computers, she in special education. "Teaching means everything to us," Tim would say. In April1998, he learned he would need a heart operation. It was the kind of news that leads to some serious thinking about life's purpose. 
                   Not long after the surgery(外科手术), Tim saw a brochure describing Imagination Library, a program started by Dolly Parton's foundation (基金会) that mailed a book every month to children from birth to age five in the singer's home town of Sevier, Tennessee. "I thought, maybe Linda and I could do something like this when we retire(退休)," Tim recalls. He placed the brochure on his desk, "as a reminder."

              Five years later, now retired and with that brochure still on the desk, Tim clicked on imagination library.com. The program had been opened up to the public for many years. 

              The quality of the books was of great concern to the Richters. Rather than sign up online, they went to Dollywood for a look-see. "We didn't want to give the children rubbish," says Linda. The books were reviewed(复查) each year by teachers, literacy specialists(文化专家) and Dollywood board members, including classics(文学名著) and newer books. 
                   Satisfied, the couple set up the Richter Family Foundation and got to work. Since 2004, they have shipped more than 12,200 books to preschoolers(学龄前儿童) in their area. Megan Williams, a mother of four, is more than appreciative(感激): "This program introduces us to books I've never heard of." 
                   The Richters spend about＄400 a month sending books to 200 children. "Some people sit there and wait to die," says Tim. "Others get as busy as they can in the time they have left."
              难度：中等
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            • 2．

              Every year about 640,000 kilograms of pumpkins are grown in the US. Not all of the pumpkins are eaten. Many are used to celebrate Halloween, the night of October 31st. Halloween is a big celebration in America. One tradition that many people enjoy is to carve faces in pumpkins, put a light inside and put the pumpkins around their houses. After Halloween they throw all the pumpkins away.

              But in Oakland, a city in California, people have found a way to use all those pumpkins, as well as lots of other food waste. They use them to generate electricity. Food waste is taken from supermarkets and restaurants and put into large tanks. Inside these tanks, bacteria break down the food waste. This release methane gas. Then the gas is burned to generate electricity-enough electricity to power 13,000 homes.

              Recycling the food waste provides a cheap source of fuel for generating electricity. But there are other good reasons to recycle the food waste too. Methane gas in the atmosphere is one of the causes of global warming. When food waste is buried in the ground, it can take 40 to 100 years to break down, and over that time it is slowly released all the methane gas into the atmosphere. But when food waste is kept inside the tanks, it breaks down in about three mouth. Instead of going into the atmosphere, most of the methane gas is kept and used.

              Other cities around the world are now following Oakland’s example and using food waste to generate electricity. Maybe the next time you turn on the lights in your house, they’ll be powered

              by pumpkins! 

              难度：中等
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            • 3．

              Have you ever heard of the expression “birdbrain”? People use it to talk about someone who is stupid, but crows(渡鸦) prove that this is unfair. Now it has been discovered that crows may understand analogies(类推法).

              It was once thought that only humans could understand analogies, which help us to solve problems creatively and make scientific discoveries.

              To testthis ability in animals, scientists do RMTS tests. If a pair was AA, for example, then picking BB to match it would be correct.

              Monkeys have learnedRMTS, but scientists wanted to know if crows could do it, too. An international team led by Edward Wasserman in the US first trained two crows to match things by color, shape, and number in what is called IMTS, then moved onto RMTS.

              For theIMTS test, the birds were put in a cage with a plate that had three cards and two cups in it. The card in the middle was the sample card. The cups on either side were covered with the other two cards: One was the same as the sample（in the color, shape, or number of shapes pictured）, while the other wasn’t. The cup with the card that matched the sample card had some food to eat.

              In the second partof the experiment, the birds were tested with RMTS tests. A card with two same-sized circles, for example, meant they should pick the test card with two same-sized squares and not two different-sized circles. The birds did well in the more difficult test and picked the correct card more than three quarters of the time, Science New reports.

              Wasserman was surprised that crows were able to solve the problem without any training in RMTS. “What the crows have done is surprising,” he said.

              难度：中等
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            • 4．

              Below are some suggestions given by the English children posted on the website   about how to help Africa. Which one do you think is the best? 

              I think health is the most important thing. We need to make sure that the money we give is
              spent wisely. The money should be spent first on clean water supplies and better health care. 
                                                                                           -----Robin, aged 16, Birmingham

              I think the most important thing is to improve the education of the African countries. 
              There is an old saying,"If you give a man a fish, youˈll feed him for a day. If you teach him 
              how to fish, youˈll feed him for a lifetime." We need to help people to help themselves, not
              just throw money at the problem when it appears.
                                                                                           -----Rebecca, aged 15, Liverpool

              People seem to give a lot more money to charity when there is a sudden, huge disaster (灾难) like the earthquake. Itˈs good for people to do so, but I also think that everyone should give a small part of their salary (工资) to charity. If everyone did that, it would make a big difference. 
                                                                                    -----Mary, aged 14, Stratford

              Giving money to charity can help, but itˈs not the final answer. I think what these 
              countries need is a good government. 
                                                                                    -----Bethany, aged 16, Newcastle

              The best thing we can do is to send experts like engineers, doctors and teachers to 
              help the people to help themselves.
                                                                                      -----Robert, aged 16, Cardiff


              难度：中等
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            • 5．

              Passage Three

               Why do men die earlier than women? The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that men’s hearts go into rapid(迅速) decline(下降) when they reach middle age.

              　　The largest study of the effects of ageing on the heart has found that women’s longevity may be linked to the fact that their hearts do not lose their pumping power(供血能力) with age.

              　　“We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20-25 percent between 18 and 70 years of age,” said the head of the study, David Goldspink of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK.

              　　“Within the heart there are millions of cells that enable it to beat. Between the age of 20 and 70, one-third of those cells die and are not replaced in men,” said Goldspink.“This is part of the ageing process(过程).”

              　　What surprises scientists is that the female heart sees very little loss of these cells. A healthy 70-year-old woman’s heart could perform almost as well as a 20-year-old one’s.

              　　“This gender(性别) difference might just explain why women live longer than men,” said Goldspink. They studied more than 250 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 80, focusing on healthy persons to remove the confusing influence of disease.“The team has yet to find why ageing takes a greater loss on the male heart, and we are still on the way.” said Goldspink.

              　　The good news is that men can improve the health of their heart with regular exercise. Goldspink stressed that women also need regular exercise to prevent their leg muscles becoming smaller and weaker as they age.

              难度：较易
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            • 6． When students complete a book，they consider the job of reading done．When they are asked what they have got from the book，quite a few of them can give you some information about the plot（情节）．But if we ask them more detailed questions，they have nothing to say．In fact，that is not what a good reader is supposed to do．
              To be a good reader，firstly，is to know the background．We need knowledge of the life story of the writer，the culture and society in which the story takes place，Otherwise，it is hardly possible for us to better understand the book or come to realize the theme．
              Then，we start to read the book．A good reader will not stop since he has already made a good preparation．He goes through the whole book to get the general idea of it instead of reading off and on．
              Next comes an important step一read the book once again and write annotations（注释） when there is something impresses us deeply．It helps us get close to the mind of the writer．Many students underestimate（低估）the importance of writing annotations．They say that they also can understand the writer although they do not write annotations．It is true that it brings us some trouble of writing，but it also gives us a lot of ideas of our own at the same time．
              Finally，a good reader needs to write a book report．It is a time when we can sum up all our thoughts and turn them into a report．We start to think of the characters，the plots and the theme．Some say it is boring but in fact it is fun if we do it．Producing something of our own is really wonderful because we are on our way to be better than a good reader．
              All of us move our eyes back and forth from words to sentences to paragraphs．However，as a good reader，we learn much more from reading one book carefully than we do from reading ten
              roughly（粗略地）

              难度：较易
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            • 7． Many years ago，when I was in high school and working at weekends，I lost my wallet．That day，I needed to put gas in my car．I paid for the gas and then put my wallet on the front bumper（保险杠） and drove off．I didn't even have time to miss it when my phone rang．A man asked me if I had lost my wallet．I checked my bag and to my surprise，I had．He asked me to tell him what was in it．I did so．He then told me where to go to pick up my wallet．
              As I drove to his house，I noticed the man's car．It was really special．I was thinking that there was no way this man could have easily got out of his car and got my wallet off the street．He had to pull over，get in his wheelchair，lower the lift，and then pick it up．
              I thanked him like 10times for finding my wallet．I didn't want to insult（冒犯）him by offering money but I really felt like offering something．So I asked him if there was anything I could do to repay his kindness，and he said，"Just pass it on"．I said I would be certain to do that．
              Well，one does not find many wallets and so it was about 10years later that I found one．It took me several days to find the man to whom the wallet belonged．He lived in another state，about 60miles away from where I found the wallet．
              The young man was actually surprised that his money was still in the wallet and he tried to
              hand me $20．I told him，"Thanks，but just pass it on．"

              难度：较易
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            • 8． A new study warns that about 30% of the world people may not have enough water by the year 2025．
              A private American organization called Population Action International （PAI） did the new study．It says more than three hundred and thirty-five million people lack enough water now．These people live in twenty-eight countries．Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East．
              PAI researchers Robert Engelman says by the year 2025，about three thousand million people may face water problems．At least 18more countries are expected to lack enough water．The need for water keeps increasing．Yet the amount（数量） of water on the earth stays the same．
              The report says lack of water in the future may cause several problems．It may increase health problems．Lack of water often means drinking water is not safe．Mr．Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases，such as cholera，which are carried in water．Lack of water may also lead to more international conflict（冲突）．Countries may have to fight for water in the future．Some countries now get sixty percent of their water from other countries．This is true of Egypt，the Netherlands，Cambodia，Syria，Sudan，and Iraq．And the report says lack of water would influence the ability to improve their economies（经济）．This is because new industries often need a great amount of water when they are beginning．
              The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem．One
              way，it says，is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose．Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water．A third way is to use less water for agriculture．
              The report also says a long-term solution to the water problem is to control population growth．It says countries cannot provide clean water unless they slow population growth by limiting the number of children people have．

              难度：较易
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            • 9． Before I came to Italy．I had different ideas about Italian culture．People seem to be very friendly．However，after staying here for a year，I find that's not always the case．Men and women will get quite different traveling experiences in Italy．
              If you are a woman traveler，don't be surprised if you get a lot of attention．When you walk alone in the street，you may meet a guy who will help you with your luggage（行李） and sometimes even offer you a ride．However，there is a small chance this thing happens to men．
              And if another man is around women，things are even worse．One day，two female friends and I took a taxi in Rome．When these two young ladies got into the taxi，the driver was very happy．He didn't even notice I opened the side door in the front．But when he finally saw me，the driver was silent．He didn't even turn on the taximeter （计程表） and wanted to overcharge me．
              It seems like Italian men feel they must make women，whatever their age or how they look，feel confident．Some men love to fight for a woman's attention．
              One reason could be that most Italians live in small communities．And mothers are the head of the home．For an Italian man，his mother is the No.1woman in his world．The environment is likely another reason for Italian men's passion（热情） and romance（浪漫）．There is sunshine everywhere．Couples walk down quiet streets on nights．No wonder romance comes to life here．
              难度：较难
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            • 10．

              The Martian is a 2015 American science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon. The film is based on Andy Weir’s novel The Martian,

              Astronaut Mark Watney becomes one of the first people to walk on Mars. But a sudden sandstorm nearly kills him and forces the other astronauts to leave while they think that Mark is dead. When he wakes up, Mark finds himself alone on the Mars. What is worse, he even can’t send a message to Earth, and he doesn’t have enough food and water to wait for the help. The broken machines, bad environment, and the shortage of food and water are likely to kill him first. But Mark isnˈt ready to give up yet. With his cleverness, his engineering skills, and his strong desire to survive, he solves all the problems. At last, he is brought back to Earth successfully.

              The Martian was put on at the 2015 Toronto Film Festival on September 11, 2015. And it opened in theaters in the US on October 2, 2015. The film received active reviews worldwide and several awards, including the Golden Globe Awards, and seven Academy Award nominations. For his performance, Damon received several nominations, including the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe for Best Actor.

              难度：较难
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