Paper is one of the most important inventions of all time. The word “paper” comes from the word “papyrus” — a thin paper-like material made from the papyrus plant. It is believed that ancient Egyptians first used papyrus. In A.D. 105, a Chinese man named Cai Lun created paper by using pieces of old cloth, etc. For centuries, people all over the world used this Chinese way to make paper. In the early 19th century, Charles Fenerty, a Canadian man, invented a new way of papermaking using wood. Today, most of the paper we use is made from wood.

Paper money was invented in the 11th century in China. The government began using paper money because there wasn’t enough copper (铜) to make coins.

Today, it’s hard to imagine life without paper. We use paper to communicate in many different ways. We also use many important products which are made of paper. Take toilet paper for example. Many people believe that an American named Joseph Gayetty invented it in 1857. Walter Alcock, a British businessman, later had the idea of putting toilet paper on rolls (卷轴). In 1942, toilet paper became softer and St. Andrew’s Paper Mill in England began selling the first two-ply (两层的) toilet paper. Today two-ply toilet paper is the standard (标准) in many countries.

So can you imagine what life today would be like without this important invention?

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Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in Europe. It is famous as one of the cleanest countries in the world.

The Swiss think that recycling is very important. The government has made laws which require everyone to recycle. In 1998，the Swiss government passed a law which says that people can not throw away any electronic machines. Instead，people are told to bring old ones，such as televisions，computers and fridges，to special centers when they didn't need them. Many parts of the old machines are reused，and only the parts that can't be used are thrown away. The government alsochargesa rubbish bag tax(税收)．If people want their rubbish to be collected，they must buy yellow stickers(张贴物) and put them on their rubbish bags. In 2003，47% of all rubbish in the cities was recycled. This included 70% of paper，95%of glass，71%of plastic bottles and 85—90%of cans. Until recently，people could get a small amount of money when they recycled their bottles. Recycling has become a daily habit for the Swiss.

Everyone should learn from the Swiss，and our country will be clean like Switzerland.

   More and more Chinese people care for their own health. I come from England. I came to China five years ago. I began to learn cooking Chinese food from my father. When I was fifteen, I began to help my mother in the kitchen. My father is a very famous cook in Beijing. So he taught me many things about cooking. In the past three yeas, I never stopped learning cooking. When I saw a book called The disease eating out can be gone back again by eating (《把吃出来的病再吃回去》), I began studying the book. The writer of the book is Zhang Wuben(张悟本). He said he was a famous nutritionist (营养师)and well-known traditional Chinese doctor. He asked the people to eat eggplant (茄子)and gram (绿豆). In China, Zhang Wuben's book has been popular in the past few years.      

My father was invited to talk about the book in May, 2010. A large number of Chinese people believe they should eat eggplant and gram to be healthy. I have visited a lot of Chinese restaurants in Beijing and studied hundreds of restaurant menus.  

I talked to lots of doctors about eating and nutrition (营养). They thought that Zhang Wuben's words violated the science. He told a lie. The fact is it's important for us to eat a balanced diet and not just to eat eggplant and gram.

Coffeehas been a part of people’s lives for thousands of years, and today it is still one of the favorite drinks in the world．Many people in the world begin their busy day by drinking a cup of coffee or several cups of coffee．They have always said that a cup of coffee in the morning helps them begin their day in the right way．So they say a cup of coffee is necessary for them in the morning．

Do you know what in the coffee makes our bodies and brains active? It is caffeine（咖啡因）．Caffeine may increase a person’s mental and physical abilities（精力和体力）．For example, two cups of coffee will make you breathe faster and augment body temperature．All this makes your heart beat faster, and doctors warn that this may be a little dangerous．

Caffeine is found in tea, coffee, chocolate and some other foods．A little caffeine is probably not harmful．But too much caffeine can make people nervous and sleepless．

We can’t remember clearly since when we started to take our mobiles to a dinner table. This happens a lot, especially when we eat out. Once a dish comes, instead of  lifting our chopsticks（筷子）, we take out our mobiles and click. Later, we         

post the photos onto Weibo or Wechat, waiting to be “liked.” Then we check our mobiles from time to time during the meal, to see whether we get “liked” or not. We just cannot leave our mobiles for simply a meal. Does that sound familiar（熟悉的） to you? Do you do that often? If not, how do you feel when others do that when having dinner with you?

A recent study suggests that what we are used to doing is not that good. Spending time taking photos of food makes the food less pleasant(令人愉快的). To test this, some researchers did an experiment. Some people were asked to take photos before they could enjoy food. It turned out that the more photos they took,     . So, why not stop taking photos and just enjoy the food ahead of you?

Besides（除…之外） the scientific result, there are also some other bad influences of taking photos of food before meals. After posting the photos onto the Internet, one will be unable to control himself and check his mobile many times. “Does everyone accept my photo? I hope a lot of people like it!” It seems like your mobile secretly calls your name all the time, even when you are with real people.

So, next time you go out to have dinner with your family or friends, how about not taking photos of food? Let the food be delicious as it is and share your life with people around you. Trust me, it will be a wonderful time.

    Many people can’t get good and enough sleep because they are busy working and studying. Do you often wake up in the night? Can you get up easily on time? Do you feel tired after getting up? Can you put your heart into the class? Do you feel sleepy during the daytime? If your answer is yes, that means you get a bad night’s sleep.

But how to get good and enough sleep?

First, never drink coffee before bedtime. Second, don’t eat too much. Third, you candrink some milk before going to bed. Fourth, go to bed and get up at the same time every day.

Another way is to count numbers (数数) in your heart. It can give you fast sleep. Less than eight hours is not enough. Let’s keep a good sleep habit.

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There is a famous English saying “You are what you eat”, anditmeans what you put in your mouth will become part of you. Many experts (专家) use it to tell people it's important to have a good eating habit. For example, too much sweet food makes a person overweight. To avoid being fat, kids are told to keep off sweet food. But, a team of American scientists have found something new about eating sweet food.

“When we say some people ‘sweet’, we mean they are kind and friendly to us. Perhaps(也许) this word can help us learn more about people's feelings and acts.” said Brian Meier, a scientist from the study team. “Taste is something we experience every day. What we have done is to find whether we can know someone's character(角色) and behavior(行为) depending on their taste.”

In one of their experiments(实验), students were asked questions about their character－whether, for example, they were soft-hearted or not. Then they were asked to make a list of their favorite food. According to their answers, the scientists found that the students who liked sweet food were nicer.

In their another experiment, the scientists found that people who preferred sweet food such as cookies and chocolate were more willing to help other people in need, and those who ate non-sweet food such as chips weren’t. For example, people with a sweet tooth were more likely to volunteer to clean up their city, visit sick children in the hospital and so on.

The result of the experiments is that people’s helpfulness or being nice has something to do with their taste for sweet food. So eating sweet food is a useful way to make people nice and helpful. Next time, try some ice-cream.

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     It is no surprise that more and more people like bicycling. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today. Bike can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil（油） cost!

Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighborhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment.

You don’t even have to ride all the way. Folding(折叠) bikes work well for people who take the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by visiting airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle friendly to travelers.

Health Benefits of Bicycling:

◇It helps to prevent heart diseases.

◇Bicycling helps to control your weight.

 A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week burns off kilos of fat in a   

 year.

◇Bicycling can improve your mood

Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better. More relaxed and self-confident. In short, bicycling is healthier than driving.

Without proper planning, tourism(旅游业) can cause problems. For example, too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country. If tourists create too much traffic, the inhabitants become annoyed and unhappy. They began to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the country’s economy. It is important to think about the local people and how tourism affects them. Tourism should help a country keep the customs and beauty than attract tourists. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.

Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly, people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry（产业）. This means more other parts of the country’s economy（经济）can suffer.

On the other hand, if there is not enough tourism, people can lose jobs. Businesses can also lose money. It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels, airports, first-class roads, and other support facilities（设施）needed by tourist attractions.

For example, a major international class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build. If this room is not used most of the time, the owners of the hotel lose money.

Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well, including roads to get to the hotel, electricity, sewers to handle waste and water. All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists, jobs and money are lost.

We all know that life without emojis would be extremely boring．Therefore，it is only fitting that the editors of the well-known oxford English Dictionary chose —the face with the tears of joy as its ‘Word of the Year’ for 2015．

The company that announced its unusual word choice on November 16th said that it was picked over several other traditional choices．Among them were ‘refugee’，‘sharing economy’ and ‘on fleek’．However，it was this simple emoji that resonated with the editors because it appeared to best describe the spirits, mood, and concerns of 2015．

They also thought that this was a good year to pay homage to the emoji. For though they have been around since the late 1990’s，the use of the digital signs and the word that describes them，has increased sharply this year．Besides，emojis are now used by people of all ages，not just teenagers．

Also, though the word comes from the Japanese language—e(picture)，moji(character or letter)，the digital signs can be understood by everyone regardless of the language they speak．Therefore it only makes sense to acknowledge their importance to global communication．

As to how they selected from the thousands of emojis that are available，the company says that they partnered with a leading mobile technology company SwifiKey to determine the most popular emoji．It turns out that ‘tears of joy’ is the most used icon. According to SwiffKey，made up 17％of all emojis used in the U．S．A and a surprising 20％in the United Kingdom!

Though this is the first time the Oxford University Press has selected an image for its‘word of the year’．it is not the first time they have tried to combine modem lingo into their 150-year-old publication．In 2013，in recognition of the growing popularity of self-portraits，the editors selected ‘selfie’, for the‘Word of the Year’！

Question 11-15 Multiple Choice Questions

There are four choices for each question. Refer to the passage and choose the correct answer.