The production of coffee beans is a huge，profitable business，but，unfortunately，full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage．The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds and even disturbs the world's ecological balance．

    On a local level，the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area's birds and animals．The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits．Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home．As a result，many species are quickly dying out．

    On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens human life．Medical research often makes use of the forests'plant and animal life．and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from fending cures for certain diseases．In addition，new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world's groundwater．

    Both locally and globally，the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology．The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in

the world's climate，and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming．Moreover，the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions．

    It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life，from the local environment to the global ecology．But consumers do have a choice，They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible，although at a higher cost．The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee．

Following one million middle­aged women in Britain for 10 years, a study finds that the widely held view that happiness enhances health and longevity is unfounded.

 The results come from the so­called Million Women Study, which took on women aged 50 to 69 from 1996 to 2001, and tracked them with questionnaires and official records of deaths and hospital admissions. The questionnaires asked how often the women felt happy, in control, relaxed and stressed, and also instructed them to rate their health and list ailments like high blood pressure, diabetes, depression or anxiety.

 When the answers were analyzed statistically, unhappiness and stress were not associated with an increased risk of death. It is not clear whether the conclusion applies to men. 

Professor Peto said particularly important data came from 500，000 women who reported that they were in good health, with no history of heart disease, cancer or stroke. A minority of these healthy women said they were stressed or unhappy, he said, but over the next decade they were no more likely to die than the women who were generally happy.

 “This finding refutes (驳斥) the large effects of unhappiness and stress on deathrate that others have claimed，”Dr. Peto said. Unhappiness itself may not affect health directly, but it can do harm in other ways, by driving people to suicide, alcoholism or other dangerous behaviors, he warned.

 This type of study, in which people involved depend on their self­assessment, is not considered as reliable as a designed experiment where people involved are picked at random and assigned to a treatment or control group. But the huge number of people in this study gives it power. Still, some observers noted that measuring emotions is more nuanced (细微的) and complex than simply declaring happiness or unhappiness.

 “I would have liked to see more discussion of how people translate these complicated feelings into a self­report of happiness.”said Baruch Fischhoff, a psychologist at Carnegie Mellon University.

 The results of earlier studies have been mixed, with some finding that unhappiness causes illness and others showing no link, Dr. Fischhoff said.“It looks to me like people have collected a lot of data without finding a clear signal，”he said. However, an editorial accompanying the study in The Lancet noted that it had the largest population so far in happiness studies and praised its statistical methods.

 Professor Peto said he doubted whether the new study would change many minds because beliefs about the risks of unhappiness are so rooted.“People are still going to believe that stress causes heart attacks，”he said.

Every year, approximately 1,6 million tons of soil flows into Yellow River, China’s second  41   (long) river.The soil contains materials to keep the natural balance of the area.Over time, a lot of soil  42   (remove),which has caused serious erosion of the land   43   the River.In some areas in Shanxi Province, this has destroyed almost all the land, and has forced many local farmers  44  (move) to other areas.

45  is a huge job to control Yellow River erosion.Many people believe this kind of work is best done by government or international 46   (organize).You may agree with this point of view.If 47  , it is time for you to think again.

In fact, it is you   48   have the most important role to play in stopping Yellow River erosion.Did you know the importance of your 5 yuan? For a start, it can buy you a tree,   49   will help make soil stay on the land.On land with rich soil, local farmers can grow crops to make  50    living, with the money they earn from their crops, farmers buy goods or services.This helps to develop local economies.

Issues around children learning to read arc rarely out of the news, which is hardly surprising—becoming a successful reader is of vital importance in improving a child’s life chances. Not is it surprising that reading creates a virtuous circle: the more you read the better you become. But what may come as a surprise is that reading to dogs is gaining popularity as a way of addressing concerns about children’s reading.

Underachievement (学业不良) in groups of children in the UK is. recognize in international studies--and successive governments have sought to address the issues in a range of ways. Reading to dogs, so far, has not been among them, but ifs time to look at the strategy more seriously.

 Many children naturally enjoy reading and need little encouragement, but if they are struggling, their confidence can quickly decrease—and with it, their motivation. This brings about the destructive cycle, and therefore reading ability fails to improve.

So how can dogs help?

A therapeutic (疗法的) presence

Reading to dogs is just that—encouraging children to read alongside a dog. The practice originated in the US in 1999.

The presence of dogs has a calming effect on many people—hence their use in Pets as Therapy schemes (PAT). Many primary schools are becoming increasingly pressurized environments and children (like adults) generally do not respond well to such pressure. A dog creates an environment that immediately feels more relaxing and welcoming. Reading can be an independent activity, but can also be a pleasurable, shared social event. Children who are struggling to read benefit from the simple pleasure of reading to a loyal, loving listener.

Children who are struggling to read, for whatever reason, need to build confidence and rediscover a motivation for reading. A dog is a reassuring, friendly audience who will not mind if mistakes are made. Children can read to the dog, uninterrupted; comments will not be made. Errors can be addressed in other contexts at other times. For more experienced or capable readers, they can experiment with intonation and “voices”, knowing that the dog will respond positively—and building fluency further develops comprehension in readers.

For children who are struggling, reconnecting with the pleasure of reading is very important As Marylyn Jager-Adams, a literacy (读写) scholar, noted in a seminal review of beginner reading in the US: “If we want children to learn to read well, we must find a way to attract them to read lots.”

Reading to a dog can create a helpful balance, supporting literacy activities which may seem Jess appealing to a child. Children having difficulty with reading, for example, need focused support to develop their understanding of the alphabetic code (字母代码).But this needs to be balanced with activities which support independent reading and social enjoyment or the child can become less motivated.

Creating a virtuous circle   

Breaking a negative cycle will inevitably lead to the creation of a virtuous circle—and sharing a good book with a dog enables children to apply their reading skills in a positive and enjoyable way.

Research evidence in this area is rather limited, despite the growing popularity of the scheme. A 2016 systematic review of 48 studies—“Children Reading to Dogs: A Systematic Review of the Literature” by Hall, Ge and Mills--demonstrated some evidence for improvement in reading, but the evidence was not strong. There clearly is more work to do. but interest in reading to 3 t of to have grown through the evidence of case studies. The example, often given in the media, is that of Tony Nevett and his pet dog Danny. Tony and Danny’s involvement in a number of schools has been transformative, not only in terms of reading but also in promoting general well-being positive behavior among children with a diverse range of needs.

So, reading to dogs could offer many benefits. As with any approach, it is not a cure-a within a language-rich literacy environment, there appears to be little to lose and much to gain.

Title: How Dogs Could Make Children Better ___(1)___