8．
For more than twenty years scientists have been seeking to understand the mystery of the‘‘sixth sense“of direction．By trying out ideas and solving problems one by one，they are now getting closer to one answer．
One funny idea is that animals might have a built-in compass（指南针）．
Our earth itself is a big magnet（磁体）．So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south．When people discovered that idea about athousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to navigate （航海）on oceanvoyages，even under cloudy skies．
Actuallly the idea of the living compass came just from observing animals in nature．
Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes．Some of them fly for thousands of kilometers and mostly at night．Experiments have shown that some birds can recognize star patterns．But they can keep on course even under cloudy skies．How can they do that？
A common bird that does not migrate but is great at finding its way home is the homing pigeon．Not all pigeons can find their way home．Those that can are very good at it，and they have been widely studied．
One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’heads to block their magnetic sense-just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner．On sunny days，that did not fool the pigeons．Evidently they can use the sun to tell which way they are going．But on cloudy days，the pigeons with magnets could not find their way．It was as if the magnets had blocked their magnetic sense．
Similar experiments with the same kind of results were done with honeybees．These insects also seem to have a special sense ot direction．
In spite of the experiments，the idea of an animal compass seemed pretty extraordinary．How would an animal get the magnetic stuff for a compass．
An answer came from an unexpected source．A scientist was studying bacteria that live in the mud of ponds and marshes．He found accidentally little rod-like bacteria that all swam together in one direction-north．
Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside，which proved magnetic．The bacteria had made themselves into little magnets that could line up with the earth’s magnet．
The big news was that a living thing，even a simple bacterium，can make magnetite．That led to a search to see whether animals might have it..By using a special instrument called magnetometer，scientists were able to find magnetite in bees and birds，and even in fish．In each animal，except for the bee．the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain．
Thus the idea of a built-in animal compass began to seem reasonable．
| The Magnetic Sense-The Living Compass |
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
| The existence of the earth magnet and the invention of the navigating compass | ◇Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely （71）
magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south．
◇（72） on the idea above，the navigating compass was invented． |
| The possibility of birds’built-in compasses | ◇One piece of evidence is the （73） of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes．
◇Birds can recognize star patterns on clear nights and keep on course （74） under cloudy skies |
| The （75） on pigeons’and bees’built-in compasses | ◇Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’heads to （76） their magnetic sense．
◇The pigeons’magnetic sense seemed to be affected on （77） days．
◇Similar things with the same results were done with bees． |
| The （78） of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass | ◇Little rod-like bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of （79） ．
◇Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the （80） inside their bodies． |