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            • 1． An Extension of the Human Brain
                 Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies （欠缺），much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency．To be exact，other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions．When another person helps us in such ways，he or she is participating in what I’ve called a“social prosthetic （义肢的）system．”Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face，and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems．It’s already a big bank of many minds．Even in its current state，the Internet has extended my memory and judgment．
              Regarding memory：Once I look up something on the Internet，I don’t need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so．More generally，the Internet functions as if it were my memory．This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing； I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet．It’s become natural to check facts as I write，taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed，Wikipedia，or other websites．
              Regarding judgment：The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large．For example，when I’m writing a textbook，it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term，which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning．But more than that，I now regularly compare my views with those of many others．If I have a“new idea，”I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it，or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought．This certainly makes my own views clearer．Moreover，I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet．
              These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone．I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact，watch a video，read weibo．Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time （such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting）．
              But that’s the upside （好处）．The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea．Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between．

              An  Extension of the Human Brain





              A  prosthetic nature
              ●The （71）    can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency．
              ●It（72）    in our daily events extending our intelligence，
              Comprehending our feelings，and expanding the range of social
              Activities．





              Wonderful aspects
              Memory and judgment
              ●On the Internet，we could quickly and easily locate the details，and check facts，without（73）    them in mind．

              ●The internet makes us smarter over（74）    kinds of things．It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the （75）    of the matter．

              ●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to （76）    our claims，and to （77）    our actions．





              The （78）    sides of smartphones
              ●Smartphones make it easier and more （79）    to check reality，watch video clips，read uxibo．
              ●Smartphones（80）    the possibility for new and insightful minds，and steal away our dead time．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 2．
              A．addicted      B．unfavorably      C．increased       D．tapping      E．complex
              F．readiness   G．anxiety     H．sharpness    I．constant    J．breaking    K．considerably
              The regular use of text messages and e-mails can lower the IQ more than twice as much as smoking marijuana （大麻）．That is the statement of researchers who have found that （41）     away on a mobile phone or computer keypad or checking for electronic messages temporarily knocks up to 10points off the user's IQ．This rate of decline in intelligence compares （42）     with the four-point drop in IQ associated with smoking marijuana，according to British researchers，who have described the phenomenon of （43）     stupidity as"infomania（咨询强迫症）"．The research conducted by Hewlett Packard，the technology company，has concluded that it is mainly a problem for adult workers，especially men．
              It is concluded that too much use of modern technology can damage a person's mind．It can cause a （44）     distraction of"always on"technology when employees should be concentrating on what they are paid to do．Infomania means that they lose concentration as their minds remain fixed in an almost permanent state of （45）     to react to technology instead of focusing on the task in hand．The report also added that，in a long term，the brain will be （46）     shaped by what we do to it and by the experience of daily life．At a microcellular level，the （47）     networks of nerve cells that make up parts of the brain actually change in response to certain experiences．
              Too much use of modern technology can be damaging not only to a person's mind，but to their social relationship.1100adults were interviewed during the research．More than 62per cent of them admitted that they were （48）     to checking their e-mails and text messages so often that they examined work-related ones carefully even when at home or on holiday．Half said that they always responded immediately to an email and will even interrupt a meeting to do so．It is concluded that infomania is increasing stress and （49）     and affecting one's characteristics．Nine out of ten thought that colleagues who answered e-mails or messages during a face-to-face meeting were extremely rude．
              The effects on IQ were studied by Dr Glenn Wilson，a psychologist at University of London．"This is a very real and widespread phenomenon，"he said．"We have found that infomania will damage a worker's performance by reducing their mental （50）     and changing their social life．Companies should encourage a more balanced and appropriate way of working．"
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 3． （2014•怀化二模）Understanding the basic tips on growing grass will help you create a healthy and green lawn．If you plan the right variety at the right time and in the right place，you'll achieve success．
              Autumn is the ideal growing season for the majority of grass varieties．Prepare the soil in this season as you do for any other plant．Based on the type of grass that you have chosen，the nutrient requirements may differ．For poor soil that is lack of essential plant nutrients，you can supply it with some organic fertilizer．
              To grow grass successfully，make sure you select the correct variety that will adapt to the soil conditions of your area and to the growing location．You can choose the American shade grass variety or native grass varieties．
              The sowing of grass can be done on bare soil or on an existing lawn．After sowing the grass seeds，cover them with a layer of top soil to quicken the germination （萌芽） process．In the first few weeks，you should irrigate the area every other day．Reduce the watering frequency after the grass has germinated．The addition of proper fertilizers at the right time is necessary for the healthy growth of grass．In the case of grass growing in shady environments，limit the use of fertilizers．
              Weed control is another important tip for growing grass．The presence of weeds in grass growing areas leads to competition for water and nutrients，thus resulting in the poor growth of the planted grass．Hence，in order to avoid this condition，ensure that you remove the weeds regularly．
              Lastly，one should also watch out for the presence of diseases and pests around the grass growing site in order to preserve the beauty of the lawn．

              Advice on How （71）    
              I．Rule of thumb
              ★plant the right variety at the right time and in the right place
              II．（72）    
              ★choose the soil in （73）    ，which is the ideal grass growing season
              ★add organic fertilizer to poor soil lacking essential plant nutrients
              III．Grass variety
              ★select the correct variety （74）      the soil condition and growing location
              IV．Sowing
              ★sow grass seeds over soil and cover them with a layer of top soil to make the grass seeds （75）    
              V．（76）     and Fertilization
              ★irrigate the area every other day and reduce the watering frequency after germination
              ★（77）      proper fertilizers but limit the use of fertilizers in shady locations
              VI．（78）    
              ★remove weeds regularly to （79）      competition for water and nutrients
              VII．Disease control
              ★（80）     to the presence of diseases and pests to preserve the beauty of the lawn．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 4． （2014•怀化一模）Food makes us feel good，but some people eat when they aren't really hungry and eat to simply feel good．This kind of eating habit is called emotional eating，which does not affect adults but also young children．It isn't a good thing．
              A child's eating habits can develop right from childhood．As we know，a baby cries out if he doesn't get milk at the usual time of the day．However，sometimes parents immediately stick a bottle in a child's mouth without trying to find out if the child is really hungry．In fact，children may cry for other reasons．Even as children grow up and start going to school，parents sometimes give them a chocolate bar if they become really unhappy．As the children further grow up，they may become used to having a snack whenever they're upset or low．
              Therefore，they'd like to eat an emotional snack when they have the feeling of unhappiness and boredom．Even when they don't get high grades，aren't popular at school or made fun of by others，they will want something to eat．After having the snack，they feel a lot better．
              Emotional eating in young children is a thing that needs to be taken seriously．To protect your children from emotional eating，you should satisfy your child's emotional needs in the best possible way．This includes spending time with your child every day，taking an interest in his school work，helping your child study，providing a health environment without tension at home，etc．Don't make the child lose face by scolding him．Develop confidence in your child．Make your child eat enough once in a while．Reward him for his achievements．
              All this will help your little one develop a healthy eating habit．And always remember love and care is the key to help you child out of trouble and grow up happily．

              Title：（71）     in Young Children
              （72）    Eating for feeling good instead of for （73）    ．

              Causes              		•forming the habit when （74）    
              •feeling  （75）    
              •feeling （76）     and getting low grades
              •being made fun of by others



              （77）                  		•staying with your child for some time every day
              •being （78）      in your child's studies and help him study
              •providing a healthy environment without tension at home
              •avoiding（79）     to make him ashamed
              •making your child（80）      in himself
              •giving your child enough to eat once in a while
              •giving your child reward for what he has achieved
              ConclusionLove and care helps children out of trouble．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 5． When US'Duke University second-year student Christian Drappi sees someone using a Square （an electronic payment service） credit card reader，he pulls out his phone，takes a picture and uploads it to Twitter．"It kind of spreads like （41）     through Twitter，"said Drappi，who is a campus brand representative for Square．
              Companies are （42）     using college campus brand representatives to spread the word about their products．These representatives often rely on word-of-mouth tools like social media to （43）     the company and any promotional events they host．
              Though the brand representative is no stranger to the college marketing scene，social media are changing how these representatives （44）     with students of their same age and how effectively their message is communicated．Companies like Red Bull，Microsoft and Twitter all have campus representatives （45）     to spreading good news about the brand．
              "Campus representatives approach students groups，local merchants and other prospective users to demonstrate how the card reader works and its advantages over （46）     machines．"Adam Bassett，who runs the Square U program said．
              Cord Silverstein，executive vice president of interactive communications at the Raleigh advertising agency Capstrat，said，"Social media have made it easier than ever for college students to share opinions on a product with their friends．Someone's friend，someone they （47）    ，like a student or a professor，these people are having much greater influence on what college students think，like and don't like，because they trust their opinions．"
              When looking at representative （48）    ，McCarthy，who heads the campus representative program for Square，said the company looks for（49）     students who are social-media understanding．"Three or four years ago，brand representatives on campus were a（n）（50）     idea．Now companies have them everywhere．There's only so much mindshare to capture．"McCathy emphasized．
              A．applicationsB．devotedC．easy-goingD．efficientlyE．increasinglyF．interact
              G．freshH．publicizeI．respectJ．traditionalK．wildfire
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 6．
              A．adapt B．natives   C．identities   D．cost-saving  E．alert  F．instead G．established  H．practically   I．route  J．enrolled     K．significant
              Officials at Boston College have made what may be a critical decision they've stopped giving out new email accounts to incoming students．The officials realized that the students had already established digital （41）     by the time they entered college，so the new email addresses were just not being used，but，（42）    ，the college will offer forwarding （转发） services．
              Starting next year，freshman （43）      at Boston College won't be given an actual email account complete with login and inbox，just an email address．This address，in the format of johnsmith@bc．edu will simply forward mail to the student's already （44）     inbox，be it Gmail，Windows Live Mail，Yahoo Mail，AOL，or whatever else they may be using．
              The college reached a smart decision after first looking into outsourcing（外包） their email to the cloud．While the Boston College decision may have been made for （45）     reasons more than anything，we can easily imagine this as being the start of a new trend．
              Can you even imagine a U．S．college student who didn't have an email address of their own by the time they were a freshman？It's （46）      unheard of．Today's students are digital（47）      immersed （浸润） in technology from the day they were born．It simply doesn't make sense to give them yet another account to manage when they enter college．
              By going this  （48）    ，there are still some challenges to overcome，though．For example，a student who changes their email carrier will probably forget to  （49）     the institution to the change and could then miss out on （50）      messages from the university with regard to their courses，scholarship，safety information，etc．
              In the end，we think the decision Boston College made could easily be the start of a new trend．We're sure the students like it，too．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 7． （2014•怀化一模）Why is reading so important？Joseph Addison once said，"Reading is to the mind what exercise is （48）     the body．"I am sure you （49）     have heard this quote．Reading is a great hobby，（50）     makes you discover yourself．Reading good stories can help you solve some problems in your own life．Besides，reading（51）      sets a good example to younger generations．
              Sadly，people nowadays seem to have totally lost interest in this activity．Children are busy with computer games，（52）      adults use their cell phones or computers to search for information．（53）      seems that people have forgotten（54）      importance of reading．Anybody can use the Internet to look for information，but the sources are （55）     as reliable as a book．
              To open a book is always beneficial!Don't spend all your spare time on the computer screen or cell phones．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 8． Is true friendship dying away？
              Just as our daily life is becoming more technologically connected，we are losing other more meaningful relationship．
              To anyone paying attention these days，it's clear that social media-whether Twitter，Facebook，or Iinkedln-are changing the way we conduct relationship．Face-to-face chatting is giving way to texting and messaging； people even prefer these electronic exchanges to，for instance，simply talking on a phone．Among these smaller trends，growing research suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept of friendship．Where is all this leading modern-day society？Perhaps to a dark place，a lonelier society where electronic craze slowly replaces the joys of human contact．
              Typically，the pressures of urban life are blamed．Witness crowded bars and restaurants after work：We have plenty of acquaintances，though perhaps few individuals we can turn to and share close relationships．American sociologists have tracked related trends on a broader scale，well beyond the urban jungle．According to work published in the American Sociological Review，the average American has only two close friends，and a quarter don't have any．
              While social networking sites and the like have grown dramatically，the crucial element is the quality of the connections they establish．A connection may only be a click away，but establishing a good friendship takes more．It seems common sense to conclude that"friending"online brings about shallow relationships as the term"friending"itself implies．
              No single person is at fault，of course．The pressures on friendship today are broad．They arise from the demands of work，or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others．How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives，only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job？
              Of course，we learn how to make friends or not in our childhood．Recent studies on childhood and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships are illuminating （启示）．A central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of what is called"unstructured time"．Structured time results from the way an average day is arranged for our kids-time for school，time for homework，time for music practice，even time for play．Yet too often today，no period is left unstructured．After all，who these days lets his child just wander off down the street？We simply"hang out"，with no tasks，no deadlines and no pressures．It is in those moments that children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in themselves．
              Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought：close friends，he observed，"share salt together．"It's not just that they sit together，passing the salt across the meal table．It's that they sit with one another across the course of their lives，sharing its moments，bitter and sweet．"The desire for friendship comes quickly； friendship does not．"Aristotle also remarked．
              If there is a secret to close friendship，that's it．Put down the device； engage the person．
              Title：Is true friendship dying away？
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 9． Have you ever wondered why there are so many skin colours in the world？Do you know why people living in particular areas usually have a certain colour？Biology and history are the two reasons for this．
              Skin contains something called melanin，which determines a person's skin colour．The more melanin a person has，the darker his or her skin will be．The amount of and production of melanin are controlled by genes，but can be affected by other things，such as sunlight．If a person lives in a place with strong sunlight，his or her skin will protect itself by producing more melanin，making the skin darker．In a place with less sunlight，a person's body will produce less melanin，making the skin lighter．
              Skin colour is also affected by another source-vitamin D．Humans all need vitamin D to build bones．People can get it by eating foods such as fish and milk，or from sunlight，which causes vitamin production in the skin．Melanin protects skin by absorbing sunlight，so sunlight absorbed by melanin cannot be used for vitamin D production．Therefore，a dark-skinned person will produce less vitamin D than a light-skinned person when they receive the same amount of sunlight．
              The connection between vitamin D production and skin colour is clear when we look at evolution．The earliest humans lived in Africa，their dark skin covered with hair．When they moved to places that had less sunlight，their bodies produced less vitamin D because of their dark skin．As a result，their skin made less melanin，so they could get enough sunlight to produce vitamin D．Their skin gradually got lighter and they lost hair．Now，people who live in areas with strong sunlight，like Africa，have darker skin，while people living in other areas have lighter skin．The exception to this is the Inuit，who live in a place with little sunlight，but have dark skin because they eat a lot of fish and have enough vitamin D．
              Evolution has given us a rainbow of skin colours．Humans have always had melanin to determine our skin colour．What has changed through history is the environment where we have lived．This has in turn changed our melanin production，and eventually，skin colour．
              A World of Skin Colour
              Brief introductionPeople living in a particular area usually have the   （71）    skin colour and there are many different skin colours in the world．
              Reasons for skin colourThe reasons for different skin colours mainly （72）      in biology and history．
              Biological reasonsThe amount of melanin，by which a person's skin colour is （73）    ，varies from people to people．The more melanin a person has，the （74）    his or her skin will be．
              Vitamin D is another source （75）    skin colour．Vitamin D is necessary for humans to build bones．Sunlight contributes to vitamin D production in the skin．
              （76）    
              reasons              		The earliest people in Africa had dark skin with hair covering it because the sunlight is very strong．．
              When they moved to places where they could not get enough sunlight to （77）    vitamin D，their skin colour became lighter．
              Generally speaking，people in areas with strong sunlight，have darker skin （78）    people in other areas have lighter skin．
              （79）    Melanin （80）    an important role in our skin colour．With our living environment changing，melanin production is changed，which leads to the changes in our skin colour．
              难度：中等
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            • 10．
              A．accountedB．averageC．continuousD．rankE．linkF．comparison
              G．additionalH．associatedI．riskJ．confirmedK．postpone
              Television watching is an activity which is known to be harmful to health and is distinct from getting too little exercise．But a new study suggests its damaging effects may even （41）      alongside those from smoking and obesity（肥胖）．Researchers who studied television viewing habits in Australia calculated that people who watch for a（n） （42）      of six hours a day shorten their life expectancy（预期寿命） by almost five years．
              They based their calculations on data on the （43）     _between television viewing and death from the Australian obesity and lifestyle study which involved 11，000adults aged 25and over．Applying these findings to the whole population over 25，who are estimated to have watched 9.8billion hours of TV in 2008，they concluded that it （44）      for 286，000years of life lost-equivalent to 22minutes for each hour watched．By （45）    ，smoking one cigarette is estimated to shorten life expectancy by 11minutes-equivalent to half an hour of TV watching．
              Writing in the British Journal of Sports Medicine，the authors from the University of Queensland，say the figures suggest"huge loss of life may be （46）      with too much TV viewing．"The UK and other industrialized countries are likely to be similarly affected"given the typically large amounts of time spent watching TV and the similarities in disease patterns．"The researchers add"If these figures are（47）     and shown to reflect a cause and effect relationship，TV viewing is a public health problem comparable in size to established behavioral risk factors．"
              Researchers from Taiwan University found even those who did as little as 92minutes'exercise a week-equivalent to 15minutes a day for six days a week-reduced their （48）      of death by 14per cent．Even this small amount of exercise could （49）     one in six of all deaths-similar to the effects of a stop-smoking programme．Each （50）      15minutes a day reduced the death rate by a further 4per cent．
              难度：中等
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