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            • 1． 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
                  Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing．However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt．
                  In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in．A particular danger was，thought to lie in public baths．By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom．So did the king of England in 1546．Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way．Henry IV，King of France，was famously dirty．Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out．
                  Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century．Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health．Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease．Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II．Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine．Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far？
                  Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays．Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease．On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system．And the latter position is gaining some ground．（302 words）
              难度：易
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            • 2．

                   The World Health Organization(WHO) says there has been a sharp increase in the number of children in developing countries who weigh too much. In African countries, the WHO says the number of overweight or obese children is two times as high as it was 20 years ago.

                   Around the world, about 43 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2011. Doctors use height, weight and age to measure whether a person is underweight, normal, or obese.                             

                   Overweight children are more likely to become overweight or obese adults. The condition can lead to serious health problems like diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

                   Francesco Branca, director of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, says people are eating manufactured or processed food more often, which often has a high sugar. fat and salt content.  Another reason of gaining weight is the city lifestyle.  They travel in cars or other vehicles more than on foot, and have less physical activities in general.

                  Mr Branca says reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. He says the goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries.

                The WHO has some basic solutions for individuals（个人）: to lower your in-take of fat ,sugar, salt and processed food, eat more fruit and vegetables, and increase physical activity .These actions are especially important for children and governments should concern providing vitamin for children .

                  Reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. The goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries. Educational campaigns about problems linked to obesity would also help. Food manufactures must balance quality and taste with the dangers of sugar, fat and salt.

                  The current goal of the WHO's World Health Assembly is to prevent an increase in the percentage of overweight children during the next twelve years.

              (1) What's the main idea of the passage? (No more than 15 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (2) What is the meaning of the underlined word "obese" in Paragraph 2?

                 (No more than 2 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (3) What diseases can overweight or obesity lead to?(No more than 10 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (4) Why do people put on weight easily? (No more than 12 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (5) If you are overweight or obese, what should you do? (No more than 20 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              难度：难
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            • 3．

                Last week, my granddaughter started kindergarten, and I wished her success. I was lying. What I actually wish for her is failure. I belive in the power of failure.

                 Success is boring. Success is proving that you can do something that you already know you can do, or doing something correctly the first time, which can often be an uncertain victory. First-time success is usually a piece of luck. First-time failure, by contrast, is expected. It is the natural order of things.

                 Failure is how we learn. I have been told of an African phrase describing a good cook as she who has broken many pots. If you've spent enough time in the kitchen to have broken a lot of pots, probably you know a lot about cooking. I once had a dinner witha group of chefs, and they spent time comparing knife wounds and burn scars. They knew how much certainty their failures gave them.

                 I earn my living by writing a daily newspaper column. Each week I am aware that one column is going to be the worst column. I don't set out to write it. I try my best every day and I have learned to cherish that column. Often in my columns of poor quality,I am trying to get through something I've never done before, something I'm not even sure can be done.

                 My younger daughter is a trapeze artist (荡秋千演员). She spent three years putting together an act. She did it successfully for years. There was no reason for her to change the act, but she did anyway. She said she was no longer learning anything new and she was bored.

                 So she changed the act. She risked failure and public embarrassment in order to feed her soul. My granddaughter is a perfectionist. She will feel her failures. I hope I can tell her, though, that it isn't the end of the world. Indeed, with luck, it is the beginning.

              (1) What's the writer's lie to his granddaughter? (No more than 6 words)
              (2) What does the writer want to express by giving the experience of different people? (No more than 15 words)
              (3) What does the underlined phrase"by contrast"mean? (No more than 5 words)
              (4) Why does the writer's daughter change the act? (No more than 10 words)
              (5) Do you agree with the last two sentences" I hope I can tell her, though, that it isn't the end of the world. Indeed, with luck, it is the beginning."? Why or Why not? (No more than 25 words)
              难度：中等
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            • 4．

              I stood at the edge of the cliff. The wind stung my eyes, cutting into my skin. Dark-feathered birds circled the air, swooping (俯冲) low over the ocean every now and then to catch their dinner. Hundreds of feet below, the deep ocean beat against the rough sandy shore. I took a deep breath, filling my lungs with excitement —— and at the same time, fear.

                 Behind me, I heard the rest of the crew start to mutter. I was here for the shooting of a movie as I was one of the lead actors in the film Dangerous Things, and this scene was right in the middle of the climax (高潮). It was vital that this went right.

                 The director had talked to me about getting a stunt double (替身演员), but I'd persuaded him that I could handle the dive. I'd taken a diving course a few years ago, and I'd been taking swimming lessons since I was five years old. I had been pretty confident that I could do this—up till now.

                 Someone called out, "Ceria, you don't have to do this! Are you sure you want to dive?" It was one of the producers, Callie Evans. I knew I couldn't turn back now. I couldn't bear to see the disappointed look on the director's face when he was told that I couldn't do it.

                 At that moment, all my fears and worries broke free. The expectation of adventure and victory seemed to move all the hesitation. I swooped downwards. The air on either side of me cut into my extended arms. I knew that this wonderful feeling of flight would only last a few seconds, yet time seemed to slow down so I could hear the thrilled whoops of my crew and a round of applause that seemed to echo in my pounding ears.

              (1) How did the author feel at the beginning of the passage? (No more than 3 words)

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              (2) What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean in English? (No more than 15 words)

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              (3) Why was the author that confident in diving? (No more than 10 words)

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              (4) What was the crew's reaction while the author was diving down? (No more than 10 words)

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              (5) How do you like the author? Please explain why. (No more than 25 words)

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              ______________________________________________________________________________

              难度：中等
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            • 5．

               When we were growing up in our grandparent' home, Jack, my grandfather, was always in his room sitting in the chair and listening to the radio. The voices speaking from the metal box day and night, taught us that there was a larger world outside. He would roll the black dial(刻光盘) back and forth until the signal was clear. Then he would listen.

                 Now he is old and falls ill. When I went to visit him, he said to me, "I dislike the Internet. The problem is that we're losing primary contact with each other. No more shaking hands. Everyone is so busy. We want too much and in the process of getting it we miss so much. "He stopped for a while." It makes me lonely and sad. "Then he looked at me, "I just want to hear your voices."

                 I think of all the voices on the radio he has spent a lifetime listening to. I asked," How did you become interested in radio?" "I don't know," he said. "It was another way to reach people. I was always interested in searching for a better signal, a clearer, more powerful signal that could communicate with someone somewhere."

                 "And I'll tell you another funny thing: you can electronically eliminate all kinds of noise from the signal, but you can't remove natural noise caused by thunder and lightning, rainstorms, or snowstorms."

                 He closed his eyes and smiled. "I was just thinking that in spite of all our technologies, maybe we haven't progressed that far as human beings. We shouldn't forget we still have the same basic needs."

              (1) What did Jack use to do in his room? (No more than 15 words)

              __________________________________________________________________________

              (2) What did Jack roll the black dial back and forth? (No more than 5 words)

              __________________________________________________________________________

              (3) How is Jack feeling now? (No more than 10 words)

              __________________________________________________________________________

              (4) What does the underlined word "eliminate" in Paragraph 4 mean? (1 word)

              __________________________________________________________________________

              (5) What should you do to solve the problem of losing direct contact with others? (No more than 20 words)

              __________________________________________________________________________

              难度：较难
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            • 6．

              One afternoon just before Christmas, an old gentleman was wandering through the city center. The shops were all filled with good things and crowded61____shoppers. The children were looking at all the toys on display in windows, and62____old man suddenly saw a boy63____(sit) on the ground and crying bitterly. When the kind old man asked him64____he was weeping, the little boy told him that he lost a ten penny coin that his uncle had given him.65 ____(hear) this, the old man handed to the child a shiny new ten penny coin66____he pulled out from his pocket.

              “Thank you very much, ” said the little boy, drying his eyes. He cheered up at once.

              An hour or so later, the old man was making his way back home by the same road. What made him feel67____(surprise) was that he saw the dirty little boy in the same spot, crying just as68____(sad) as before. He went up to the boy69____asked him if he had lost the second ten penny piece he had just given him as well. The boy told him that actually he had not lost the second coin, he still could not find the first 70____. “If I could find my own piece, ” he said tearfully, “I would have twenty pence now.”

              61．______　62.______　63.______　64.______　65.______

              66．______　67.______　68.______　69.______　70.______

              难度：中等
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            • 7．

              Are Bees Happier in Cities?

              　　We often think of them as living happily in wildflower meadows （草地） and rolling fields. But new research suggests Britain’s bees are happier near towns and cities.

              　　A new study of wildlife sites across four English counties has found that most are home to fewer species of bees today than they were in the past. It found that the expansion of farmland has actually been more damaging to Britain’s bee population than the concreting over （铺设混凝土） of the countryside for housing. For instance, meadows near Milton Keynes now boast more species of bee than sites in more rural areas.

              　　Reading University researcher Dr Deepa Senapathi believes intensive agriculture is to blame. Climate change could be destroying the relationship between bees and plants. That’s according to a study that said warmer springs can change the life cycles of bees, which can throw them out of the plants they rely on. The research is the first clear example of the potential for climate change to destroy such critical relationships between species.

              　　While the gardens, parks and churchyards of towns and cities provide bees with a variety of plants to rely on and an extended flowering season, popular crops such as oilseed rape only bloom for a few weeks.

              　　Dr Senapathi said, “While concreting over the countryside may appear to be bad news for nature, we’ve found that progressive urbanization may be much less damaging than intensive agriculture.”

              　　Urban areas may benefit bees more than farmland by providing a wide variety of flowering plants and an extended flowering season, according to the researcher.

              　　“Over the past century, rural landscapes in Britain have become increasingly dominated by large amounts of monoculture—the growing of a single type of plant, which has helped encourage crop production,” she said. “But without a mixture of habitat and food sources, rural areas can sometimes be little better than green deserts for biodiversity （生物多样性）.”

              　　Scientists around the country are trying to work out why populations of bees and other insects are falling. Pesticides, climate change and disease may, like intensive farming, be playing a role.

              （Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.）

              (1) According to the new study of wildlife sites across four English counties, the number of bee species is _____________. (2) According to Dr Senapathi, the development of cities causes ______________ to bees than farmlands in the suburbs. (3) What are the two advantages of urban areas over farmland when it comes to housing for bees? (4) Green deserts in the passage refers to the place where there is ______________.
              难度：较难
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            • 8．

              OLIVER: Well, go on.

              HENRY: Oh, yes. __（1）____ It was all my fault. I didn't know whether I could survive until morning. ____（2）______

              OLIVER: And it was the ship that brought you to England.

              HENRY: Yes. __（3）___ I went to the American embassy to seek help, but ... (The brothers smile at each other.)

              RODERICK: Well, you mustn't worry about that. It's an advantage.

              HENRY: I'm afraid I don't quite follow you, sir.

              B

                 Their friend, Danny Lin, was waiting at the airport. He was going to take them and their baggage to catch "The True North", the cross-Canada train. On the way to the station, he chatted about their trip. "You're going to see some great scenery. Going eastward, you'll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities. _（4）____ Here in Vancouver, you're in Canada's warmest part. People say it is Canada's most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Skiing in the Rocky Mountains and sailing in the harbour make Vancouver one of Canada's most popular cities to live in. Its population is increasing rapidly. The coast north of Vancouver has some of the oldest and most beautiful forests in the world. ___（5）_______"

              难度：难
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            • 9．

              书写

              when a friendly man informed him that the printer probably needed only to be cleaning. Because the store charged 50 yuan for so cleanings, the young man advised my father try the job himself. Pleasant surprised by the man’s honest reply, my father asked on a loud voice, “Does your boss know that you discourage business?” “Actually, it’s his boss’s idea,” the employee reply. “We usually make more money on repairs unless we let people try to fix things themselves first.”

              难度：中等
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            • 10．

              请根据上下文内容，将文中划线部分译成汉语或者英语，并将答案转写到答题卡上。

              (1) Healthy eating along with regular exercise is probably the only way to become fit. Diets are useless in the long term, (2)yet approximately 20% of teenagers say they have tried going on a diet and skipping meals to control their weight. If you eat properly and exercise regularly, you will lose weight, keep fit and feel great.

              (3) As a teenager, it is important to give your body the energy it needs. If you skip meals, you don’t get enough energy, and then you feel tired. For a healthy diet, (4)你应该主要吃米饭、面包、蔬菜和水果. You also need to drink a lot of water--six to eight glasses a day. Water helps keep your system clean. (5)喝足够的水会改善你的皮肤and give you healthy hair.

              难度：中等
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