1．
（A）
Different forms of hospitality（好客）
I am a British woman social anthropologist（人类学家）. I once spent a year in Moldova, in Eastern Europe,
（study） everyday life in the country. I stayed with a Moldovan family to see from the inside how people managed their lives. I had a wonderful time and made many new friends. What I observed is of course based on my own experience at a particular place and time.
I often found 
surprisingly difficult to see life there through the eyes of a Moldovan. This was
the people I met were extremely hospitable and I was treated as an honoured guest at all times. As my hosts, they wanted me to enjoy myself, and not to get
（involve） in shopping, cooking, or other domestic jobs. Most mornings I was encouraged to go out to explore the city, or carry out my research, and I returned later to find that my elderly landlady and her sister had travelled across the city on buses to the central market
（bring） back heavy loads of potatoes, a whole lamb, or other large quantities of products.
I was often invited to people’s homes, and was always offered food on entering. Most of the adults I met enjoyed inviting friends, family, neighbours, colleagues and even strangers into their homes,
they treated them to food, drink, and a lively hospitable atmosphere. Hosts hurried to serve guests as well and as quickly as possible.
a household was expecting guest, large amounts of food were prepared in advance, usually by the women. Wine had already been made, generally by the men,
were also responsible for pouring it. Unexpected visitors were still offered as much food and drink as the household
provide in the circumstances.
（B）
How English family life has evolved since the eighteenth century
The majority of English families of the pre-industrial age, roughly until the mid-eighteenth century, lived in a rural location. Many of them owned or had the use of a small piece of land, and actually all family members were busy with agricultural work in one form or another, usually
（grow） food for their own consumption and sometimes also producing food or other goods for sale.
The labour was controlled by the husband,
his wife and children, too, had an economic value as their contributions to the family income were likely to make the difference between starvation and survival.
Children worked from an early age, girls helping their mothers, and boys their fathers. School was an occasional factor in their lives. Instead, children learned by doing
their parents showed them. Knowledge of caring
animals, sewing was handed down from parent to child.
Also, most people engaged in handicraft production in the home, and the family
（pay） to work with cloth, wood or leather. In general, this work could be put aside and taken up again when there was a break such as agricultural work.
The process of industrialisation in the second half of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth transformed life for the majority of the population. It was the use of steam to power machinery
required large buildings, and it resulted in the construction of numerous factories in many towns and cities. These in turn
（encourage） migration from the countryside in search of work. If electricity had preceded steam, domestic industry might have survived more fully.