第一节:阅读表达

Never go into a supermarket hungry! This is a good piece of advice. If you go shopping for food before lunchtime, you’ll probably buy more than you plan to. Unfortunately, however, just this advice isn’t enough for consumers these days. Modern shoppers need an education in how and how not to buy things at the store. First, you check the weekly newspaper ads. Find out the items that are on sale and decide if you really need these things. In other words, don’t buy anything just because it’s cheaper than usual! “New and Improved!” or “All Nature” on the front of a package influence you. Instead, read the list of contents on the back. Third, compare prices; that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands and different sizes of the same brand.

Another suggestion for consumers is to buy ordinary items instead of famous brands. Ordinary items in supermarkets come in plain packages. These products are cheaper because producers don’t spend much money on packing or advertising. The quality, however, is usually as good as the quality of well-known brands. In the same way, in buying clothes, you can often find high quality and low prices in brands that are not famous. Shopping in clothing stores that are discounting can help you save a lot of money. Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.

Wise consumers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials, but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads. In other words, well-informed consumers watch for information and check for misinformation. They ask themselves questions: is the advertiser hiding something in small print at the bottom of the page? Is there any real information in the commercial, or is the advertiser simply showing an attractive image? With the answers to these questions, consumers can make a wise choice.

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(2)Please explain the underlined word “plain” in the second paragraph in English?

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(3)How do wise shoppers react to loads of information as is explained in the passage?

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(4) In what way are not-so-famous stores a better choice for customers than famous ones?

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阅读下面的短文,请根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的字数要求）

As you have probably noticed, some students are more successful than others when taking exams, often because they have better test-taking skills. These are abilities that really have nothing to do with their understanding of the subjects. They are strategic skills that make taking tests easier, and lead to better results.

Here are some tips that will make it easier for you to take a test successfully.

Do not insist on completing each question before going to the next. If you spend a lot of time on one question that you don’t understand, you will both lose time and make yourself nervous. If you lose time, you may not get to later questions that you could have answered easily.

Furthermore, if you become nervous, you might lose your concentration. Go through the test a second time with any time you have left at the end to work out the answers to the more difficult questions. You’ll feel more confident by now and you may find that the questions you’ve already answered will help you answer the more difficult ones. Few people are aware that sometimes questions are answered later in a test in a different context. Do keep in mind that to take advantage of this you need to have finished the test and still have some time remaining to return to the questions you have problems with.

If you have a strong feeling about your first answer to a question, don’t go back and change it later. Usually (but not always) a strong first impulse means you know the answer, and don’t have to think about it again. Going back will make you unsure and often lead to an error. This is very common, so be careful!

Are we more narcissistic than ever before?

Like the flower, narcissism(自恋) has continued to flourish in modern civilization, which has become such a part of culture. But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism. Problems arise when people discuss narcissism without identifying the form.

Grandiose(浮夸) narcissism is the outgoing, extraverted(外向) form. The narcissistic individual believes he or she is smarter, better looking and more important than others. And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact. In fact, some of them can be very charming, likable and enjoy people. On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.

Vulnerable(脆弱) narcissism is the second flavor of narcissism. It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism. Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment and greatness but actually have low self－confidence and are not typically extraverted. Imagine someone living in his mumˈs small room. He spends his evenings watching X Factor believing he should be the next famous star singing act. Unfortunately, he hasnˈt the confidence to do it and instead becomes a net citizen, who posts offensive, controversial, or divisive materials on an Internet community.

The third form of narcissism occurs when narcissism is extreme and causes clinically serious problems in a personˈs life－marriages fall apart, friends are lost, a career is over. When this occurs narcissism can be identified as a personality disorder－narcissistic personality disorder (also known as NPD), containing a mix of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Can you change narcissism or NPD? There is no simple answer to this. For grandiose narcissism, what I often do is suggest practicing caring and compassion, doing what you are passionate about rather than what gets you attention and being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes. For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety. Develop a sense of belonging or a friendship network; participate in physical exercise; or practice a form of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings. For NPD, there is no single, scientifically affirmed treatment of choice. But pay attention to the following. First, people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind they do not have a problem—everyone else does. Second, it is challenging for doctors to keep individuals with NPD in treatment.

Narcissism is increasing and while social media hasnˈt been proven to actually create narcissism, it does give them a new platform to gain attention and admiration. Still, I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools, and know what type of narcissism they are dealing with.

Are we more narcissistic than ever before？

Every day, in all kinds of weather, a lot of men or women go jogging (慢跑). （1）为什么慢跑如此流行呢? Most people start jogging because they hear it is a very good form of exercise. Jogging makes the heart strong and helps people control their weight or stay slim. If you keep jogging regularly, （2） 你没必要服药or skip meals to lose weight. （3）Jogging can also make you feel better about yourself.

Donald Robbins, who is 42 years old and works in an office, began jogging a few years ago because he was overweight. At first, （4） he could only run about 300 meters, but two years later, he ran a marathon – over 42 kilometers.

Do you jog? If you do, be sure to ask your doctor for advice. （5） Jogging costs you almost nothing. But it is very important to have a pair of good shoes that are made especially for jogging. If not, when you run on hard ground for a long time, it may cause your feet to hurt.

 Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity(长寿)? Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.

   The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic(神经质的)than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.

   Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother's personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we're adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.

   Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is a longstanding debate of psychology. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.

   Personality isn't destiny(命运), and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn't just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health.

Wealthy Chinese do not have a good reputation(名声), a survey by China Youth Daily and Sina.com has found.

The poll(民意测验), conducted last week, showed about 70 percent of 3,990 interviewees believe the rich are immoral(不道德的) and not worthy of respect. Only 4 percent thought rich people are good, the survey said.

For the rich to become popular they need to do three things, the survey suggested.

First, they need to have a sense of social responsibility. Second, they need to be self disciplined, and third, they need to have a caring heart.

The number of people who make at least $50,000 ayear increases by 15 percent a year and, according to the China Economic Times, the country now has 1.5 million rich people.

The China Youth Daily and Sina.com survey found interviewees questioned how the rich became rich in the first place.

"Some rich people are thought to have gathered their wealth through illegal means, such as bribery(受贿)," said a post-graduate student at the Communication University of China.

Even so, the survey found wealthy people who obey the law, have a sense of social responsibility and a caring heart, are respected.

The poll showed about 60 percent thought these kinds of wealthy people were worthy of respect.

The survey suggested many voters were much better disposed(倾向) toward rich people from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Western economies - rather than the mainland.

Hong Kong property tycoon(巨头，大亨) Li Ka-shing was most highly regarded, followed by Bill Gates, mainland property tycoon Wang Shi and basketball player Yao Ming.

"Rich people on the mainland invest too little in charity(慈善) and gain too much," a student from Beijing Sports University said.

Yu Guoming, a professor at Renmin University of China, called on the heads of Chinese companies to think and invest in a long-term way. "Corporate social duty is not only about charity, it also connects the company with the government and the public."

Is your family interested in buying a dog? A dog can be a happy addition to your family, but if you choose the wrong kind of dog, the consequences can cause you a lot of trouble.

Families should sit down and thoroughly discuss the problems involved before buying a dog. Even if the children in your family are the ones who want the dog, the parents are the ones who are really responsible for seeing that the animal is properly cared for. If you don't know much about dogs, it's a good idea to go to the library for or the ASPCA for books about various kinds of dogs, as well as books about how to train a puppy. In reading about the different breeds, you should know that a dog described as very alert may be too jumpy and bouncy. When a book describes a dog as an ideal hunting dog, it probably means that the dog won’t be happy living in a small apartment. Dogs breeds vary in popularity as the years go by.One of the most popular dogs these days is the German shepherd (牧羊犬).This is because it provides protection as well as companionship. The family should be warned that these dogs grow up to the very big, and may be too powerful for children to handle. If space is limited, a toy dog may be a good choice. These dogs are very small and easy to train. They don't need to be walked daily, since they can exercise in the space available in the home.

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As the weather warms, Liu Xing is welcoming more and more customers to her stall(货摊) at a night market in Harbin. “During the past two months, I have been able to earn about 300yuan a day,” said the 28-yeat-old mother. But the money that flows in is only a fraction of what she needs for the treatment of her 4-year-old triplets(三胞胎).

Liu’s daughters, who were born in 2012 were diagnosed with cerebral palsy(脑瘫) when they were 17 months old. “The doctors told us that at the time they would not be able to walk because of the disorder, which affects a person’s ability to move and maintain a balance. But after treatment, it would be highly possible that the girls would be able to recover the ability to walk normally. But the treatment would cost at least 600,000 yuan, which was an astronomical number for us,” the young mother said.

Liu said more people began to know the family’s story after it was reported in local media, and since then, many people have tried to help. What touches the couple the most is the kindness of strangers who drop by their stall and give them money or who send cash without leaving their names. Liu said, “ So far, we have received nearly 300,000 yuan in donations.”

Last year, the couple took the triplets to Shenyang, where they received two rounds of treatment at a local hospital. “ Every round of treatment costs about 180,000 yuan, and the daily rehabilitation(康复) services cost about 9,000 yuan a month,” Liu said. But she says the treatment has led to a great improvement and the triplets can now walk slowly without the assistance of others.

Even though the couple has a heavy burden to shoulder, smiles never disappear from their faces. “We don’t know how many difficulties we will have to face in the future, but we will never give up,” Liu said.

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Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart(购物手推车). They will, in a lifetime, push thechrome-plated contraptionsmany miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.

Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging(吃力地携带) groceries around in baskets they had to carry.

One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.

On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention.

But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.

After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts. “Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied.

But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony(假冒的) customers.

As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.

Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model. Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.