Computer games are popular all around the world. Many people   (1)   these games on the Internet. Games look more and more   (2)   as computer technology improves. Many people describe playing computer games as   (3)  anew world. Some games let people   (4)   their own cities. Some games take people on journeys. Other games allow people to talk over the Internet.

Gaming can   (5)   many positive effects. It can help people make friends, learn to solve problems and make decisions. It can   (6)   help improve eye and hand movement. However, gaming can become a   (7)  .

People addicted (沉溺) to computer games will find themselves   (8)   playing all the time. And this can   (9)   neglect (忽视). People with a gaming addiction often   (10)   their studies, work, sleep, relationships, food, and family. They are often unable to   (11)   the amount of time they play. And uncontrolled playing can lead to other problems like debt. Many gaming addicts spend all their   (12)   on gaming.

  (13)  , there have been far worse cases of gaming addiction. It was reported that a man died while playing an Internet computer game   (14)   he had been playing the same game for 50 hours with few   (15)  .

Today, many more governments and doctors are trying to solve the problem of gaming addiction. More people are learning about the problem. More people are getting   (16)  . And more people are changing their lives. Some people might blame the game   (17)   for creating the problem of gaming addiction. However, some people think   (18)  .

“It would be easy for me to blame the game,   (19)   I know that was not the problem. I ran away from my problems. I   (20)  inan Internet world instead of directly working to solve my problems,” a game addict said.

Scientists find that hard-working people live longer than average men and women. Career women are   (1)   than housewives. Evidence shows that the   (2)   are in poorer health than the job-holders. A study shows that   (3)   the unemployment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increases correspondingly by 2%. All this comes down to one point: Work is helpful to health.

    Why is work good for health? It is because work   (4)   people busy,   (5)    loneliness and solitude(独居). Researches show that people feel unhappy,   (6)   and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are   (7)  . Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard. Work serves as a   (8)   between man and reality. By work, people   (9)   with each other. By collective activity, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work   (10)   the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and   (11)   him liable（likely to be affected by）to disease.

      (12)   , work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of   (13)  . Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a   (14)   finishes his writing or a doctor successfully __55__ on a patient or a teacher sees his students   (15)  , they are happy   (16)   words.

    From the above we can   (17)   to the conclusion that the more you work, the   (18)   and healthier you will be. Let us work hard, study well and   (19)   a happy and healthy life.

A prank is naughty behavior that is at most scolded if it gets too much. This is   (1)  three Chinese students studying in California in the US described what they had done.
Zhai Yunyao, Yang Yuhan and Zhang Xinlei, all 19, called it a “prank” when they took their classmate Liu Yiran to a park where “Liu was … beaten, spat on,   (2)  with cigarettes and forced to eat her own hair during a five-hour attack”,   (3)  the Associated Press.

However, their “prank” in March 2015 was   (4)  a crime in the US. The punishment was years in prison for kidnapping and assault. Zhai was  (5)   to 13 years in prison, Yang to 10 years and Zhang to six years on Feb 17. They will be sent back to China   (6)   serving their sentences, reported The Los Angeles Times.

The bullying case has caused quite a discussion in China where school bullying is not   (7)  but is seldom considered a crime. According to a survey done by China Youth Daily in July last year, 73.3 percent of the 1,002   (8)   said they had experienced or seen bullying cases at school.
However,   (9)   offenders receive proper punishment. In most of the cases, offenders only get criticism from schools. Offenders under 14 have no criminal   (10)  . Those aged between 14 and 16 usually get a light punishment only when they  (11)  serious crimes like murder and rape, according to China’s laws.

“The articles about protecting minors have started to get  (12)  punishing school bullies,” commented an article in Bandao Metropolis Daily. “Some bullies even use the laws as a shield for their violent   (13)   .”

In   (14)   , the US is quite tough on bullying.
A(n)   (15)  of 46 of the 50 US states now have their own anti-bullying laws, according to the US Department of Education. Bullying, according to those anti-bullying laws,  (16)   not only direct physical contact like hitting, but also verbal assaults like name-calling.
Also, judges in the US have the right to   (17)   minor offenders as adults if the cases are serious or if they have criminal records.

China could learn from the US,   (18)   its legal system to stop bullying, some people have suggested. Huang Zhiyuan, a procurator at the Henan People’s Procuratorate, advocated lowering the criminal age in Procuratorate Daily. Li Fangchao of China Daily advised China to make a   (19)   anti-bullying law.

A more profound message the case showed to us is that “the common tolerant  (20)   toward bullying should be changed”, commented Jiaxing Daily. “When teenagers do something wrong, we should tolerate and help them when necessary. But all of these have a limit.”

       People give gifts in almost all societies. Gifts  41  festivals and other important events . Some gifts are expensive, or they may take months to create. Others are of less  42 , such as birthday cards.

       Gift giving is often a process of exchange (交换过程).  43  you receive a birthday gift from someone, that person usually  44  a birthday gift from you  45 . In some cultures, there are some rules about gift exchange. In Pakistan, for example, there is a tradition called “taking giving.” It  46  this way: You give the newly-married couple a gift, and they “repay” you with a gift of higher value. Then you give the couple  47  gift. This one should be worth the difference between the first two gifts. The gift exchange continues,  48  the same way.

       In many ancient cultures, people made  49  to their leaders to show their loyalty (忠诚). The Nubians in ancient Egypt are a good  50 . They brought gold to the Egyptian kings. Traditions like these  51  today in some parts of the world. In parts of Africa, for example, farmers may give gifts to the local leaders to  52  them for protection.

       Today presidents  53  bring gifts when they  54  a foreign leader. Leaders bring gifts to strengthen relationships between  55 , not to stress (强调) the power of the gift receiver.

       Gifts can  56  send special messages. For example, gifts can tell people that we are thinking of them and that we want them to feel  57 . Sometimes a gift makes us remember the giver. The gift keeps the  58  of a special person and a special relationship alive.

       ​There is no doubt about the good side of gift giving. That is why some people don’t  59  the idea that modern gift giving is very wasteful. It is  60  that there is an emotional benefit (情感好处) for people who exchange gifts. That is surely enough of a reason for the tradition to continue.

 I travel a lot, and I find out different “styles”  of directions every time I ask “How can I get to the post office?”

Foreign tourists are often confused in Japan because most streets there don’t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”

In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles. Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”

People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it’s about five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don’t know.

It’s true that a person doesn’t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in such a situation? A New Yorker might say, ‘Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucatan, Mexico, no one answers “I don’t know.” People in Yucatan believe that “I don’t know” is impolite, They usually give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!

“Everyone is entitled（有权）to their opinion" is a remark commonly heard in our society. We value free speech and the rights of the individual. The private preferences we keep, as long as they do not bother with the rights and freedoms of others, are ours to do with as we wish.

Children learn this central principle early on and soon become expert at using it effectively to suit their own purposes. The phrase "well, it's just my opinion" can act as a get-out clause which avoids further questioning or the need to give an explanation. A student may well prefer to put up a brick wall and so avoid the difficult task of providing a justification（正当的理由）for their view. They know the holy position freedom of speech holds for all of us and they know the taboo（禁忌）around challenging the opinions of others when they do not produce unfavorable effects on anyone else.

This can make things hard for the teacher. We want to promote tolerance and respect in our classrooms and give young people a sense: this is how one ought to behave. Yet, we are also seeking to develop reasoning and critical thinking. To some extent, there is an idea that people's views carry equal weight because all individuals ought to be treated equally. Treating people equally is different from treating what they say with equal weight, though. We need to make clear to students that the right to one's opinions does not ignore the need to support them with argument when called to do so.

Justification is the signal difference between opinion and argument. Opinions are stated;　arguments are advanced. Opinions are given; arguments are proposed. When we ask a student to explain themselves, we are asking them to give us something that will lend evidence to what they have said. We are asking them to convince us, to persuade us, to show us the reasonableness of what it is they are saying.

    D

     About 35 percent of British adults sleep with teddy bears. Many more share a bed with a partner or spouse(配偶). Others still co-sleep,alongside children in a family bed.

     But snuggling up(依偎) with your iPad? A recent survey by marketing agency Rosetta found that 68 percent of tablet(平板电脑) owners use the device in the bedroom, more than in any other location. The living room took a close second place, at 63 percent,reports AdAge.com, and only 45 percent of respondents said they use their tablets on the go.

     But bringing devices into the bedroom is a bad idea, if quality rest is your goal. One of the most important triggers(触发物) of sleepiness is darkness, which signals to the brain that it’s time to start speeding up production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin(荷尔蒙褪黑素). But, as the New York Times points out, in our modern world,we are exposed to light long after the sun sets. While any type of light can disturb your sleep, the blue wavelength light given off by cell phones, laptops, tablets and other gadgets(小玩意) is particularly troublesome. Research shows that this blue light triggers alertness--so decisively that it can actually be used to fight tiredness.

    According to the National Sleep Foundation, 95 percent of Americans use some device, whether it’s a TV, laptop, cell phone or other e-products, within an hour of killing time.  “Artificial light exposure between dusk and the time we go to bed at night push our sleeping sense to a later hour—making it more difficult to fall aleep,” said Charles Czeisler, Ph.D., M.D., chief of the division of sleep medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.

    Instead, experts recommend turning off all devices an hour before bedtime and finding another method for relaxation, like reading a book, taking a warm bath or performing a series of calming yoga poses. It’s also a good idea to exercise and lay off the caffeine several hours before bedtime.

“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more ‘time poor’ than ever before,” says Patsy Rowe, “ Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder more people don’t wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with a complaint（抱怨）about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.
    Some people prefer to do almost everything over the internet. To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward. It feels very slow because humans don’t work at 4G speeds. When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone. We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life-changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with. What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous（匿名的）rude messages by email.
    However, rudeness is never acceptable. Don’t assume it is OK to be rude if the person you’re in touch with won’t recognize you. If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or email and sign it, or forget it. Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.

We shouldn’t blame technology for our shortcomings. Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortcomings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if we′d publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.

Traditionally, fashion retailers (零售商) had four collections per year, one for each season, but nowadays fast-fashion companies can design and manufacture (大量生产) clothes in as little as four weeks. Fast fashion means that the latest designs that appear at the fashion shows in Paris, London, etc. can be copied and shown within a month.

    The advantages of rapidly changing fashions are clear. Shortening the product life cycle means if a design doesn't sell well within a week, it is taken out of the shops and a new design is chosen. This is good for the manufacturer as it means vaster sales, and good for the customer as they can keep up with fast-moving trends cheaply — and every time they visit the store, there is something new.

    However, there are also a number of disadvantages to this approach. One of them is the theft of ideas. Fashion houses spend a lot of time and money on new ideas, only to see these ideas copied for free by fast-fashion companies. Perhaps the greatest concern is the influence on the environment of wasted clothes. Buying twelve new sets of clothes rather than four means that more clothes will be thrown away. In addition, with fashions changing so quickly, cotton growers need to produce more cotton more cheaply, and that means using more chemicals.

    At the other end of the fashion industry is designer clothing. At the same time as fast fashion is taking off in the West, Asian consumers are buying more and more expensive, luxury (奢侈) brands. Many buy branded clothes just to show that they can afford them but others choose them for quality. What's your choice? We'd like to hear your comments about the fashion industry today.