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            • 1.

              Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit(利润)—that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.   (1)   Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers.   (2)  

                Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.   (3)   One is the establishment(制定)of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.   (4)   The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision(监管)and guidance by the management in authority.   (5)  

              (1) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (2) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (3) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (4) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (5) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
            • 2.

              What problems do you have with your study?Do you want to improve the way you study?Do you feel nervous before a test?Many students say that a lack of concentration is their biggest problem. It seriously affects their ability to study,so do their test results. 36 

              Study Techniques

              You should always study in the same place. You shouldnˈt sit in a position that you use for another purpose. 37 Donˈt watch TV while you are studying. Experts warn that your concentration may be reduced by 50 percent if you attempt to study in this way. Always try to have a white wall in front of you,so there is nothing to distract you. Before sitting down to study,gather together all the equipment you need. Apart from your textbooks,pens,pencils and knives,make sure you have a dictionary.

               38 Finish one thing before beginning another. If you need a break,get up and walk around for a few minutes,but try not to telephone a friend or have something to eat.

              Test taking Skills

              All your hard work will be for nothing if you are too nervous to take your test. Getting plenty of rest is very important. This means:do not study all night before your test!It is a better idea to have a long term study plan. Try to make a timetable for your study which lasts for a few months.

               39 Doing some form of exercise every day will also improve your concentration. Eat healthy food too.

              When you arrive in the examination room,find your seat and sit down. Breathe slowly and deeply. Check the time on the clock during the test,but not too often. 40 

              (1) ____
              A. Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.
              B. Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.
              C. If so,use these tips to help you.
              D. Be realistic and donˈt try to complete too much in one study period.
              E. For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.
              F. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet.
              G. Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.
              (2) ____
              A. Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.
              B. Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.
              C. If so,use these tips to help you.
              D. Be realistic and donˈt try to complete too much in one study period.
              E. For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.
              F. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet.
              G. Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.
              (3) ____
              A. Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.
              B. Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.
              C. If so,use these tips to help you.
              D. Be realistic and donˈt try to complete too much in one study period.
              E. For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.
              F. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet.
              G. Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.
              (4) ____
              A. Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.
              B. Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.
              C. If so,use these tips to help you.
              D. Be realistic and donˈt try to complete too much in one study period.
              E. For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.
              F. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet.
              G. Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.
              (5) _____
              A. Above all,take no notice of everyone else and give the test paper your undivided attention.
              B. Your eyes will become tired if you try to read a text which is on a flat surface.
              C. If so,use these tips to help you.
              D. Be realistic and donˈt try to complete too much in one study period.
              E. For example,when you sit on a sofa to study,your brain will think it is time to relax.
              F. You will have enough energy to deal with your study and exams by eating healthy diet.
              G. Exercise is a great way to reduce pressure.
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