One genetic mutation(基因突变)occurs on average for every 15 cigarettes that a typical lung-cancer patient smokes, according to a study that has found for the first time all of the mutations happen during the lifetime of a cancer patient.

Scientists have completed a full genetic examinations of the genomes（基因组） of cancer patients, and hope the information will lead to a basic understanding of the causes of cancer—and possibly drugs and treatments—by making out the mutations that turn a healthy cell into a cancerous tumor cell.

 They studied a lung-cancer patient who had about 23,000 DNA mutations in his lung cells that were connected with exposure(暴露) to the toxins found in cigarette smoke and had built up over his lifetime.

They also looked at a patient with malignant melanoma(恶性黑色肿瘤), the most dangerous form of skin cancer, who had got 30,000 special mutations known to be connected with exposure to sunlight.

Scientists believe this new finding into the genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs and perfect treatments that aim at the specific changes to the gene that cause the disease, as well as new techniques for discovering following cancers that have escaped from treatment in other parts of the body.

“For the first time, we have a complete map of all mutations in a cancer cell,” said Dr. Peter Campbell, who led the Cancer Genome project to work out the whole DNA system of tumor cells in order find the mutations.

A similar method was performed on the cells of a patient with skin cancer, which is how the researchers were able to show that the malignant skin cells contained changes that resulted from exposure to light.

“These are the two main cancers in the developed world for which we know the chief exposure. For lung cancer it is cigarette smoke, and for malignant melanoma it is exposure to sunlight,” Professor Campbell said.

1.What can the genetic examination of the genomes of cancer patients be used for?

   A.To help the professors to win the Nobel Prizes.

   B.To advance the study of reason and cure of cancer.

   C.To make the medicine industries earn more money.

   D.To help the cancer patients reduce their pain.

2.The underlined word in the third paragraph can be placed by_____.

    A.smoke        B.sunlight      C.cell        D.poison

3.Which of the following statements is right according to the passage?

   A.The lung-cancer patient had 30,000 mutations in his lung cells.

   B.The genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs soon.

   C.It’s the first time that people mapped mutations in a cancer cell.

   D.Dr. Peter tries to invent a new drug with the DNA system.

4.What’s the similarity between malignant melanoma and skin cancer of patients?

   A.Their smoking too much in daily life.

   B.Their receiving too much sunshine.

   C.Their refusing to accept treatment.

   D.Their interest in travelling abroad.

King's College Summer School is an annual( 每年的) training program for high school students at all levels who want to improve their English. Courses are given by the teachers of King' s College and other colleges in New York. Trips to museums and culture centers are also organized. This year's summer school will be from July 25 to August 15.

More information is as follows:

1.You can most probably read the text in ________.

A. a textbook                           B. a travel guide     

C. a newspaper                          D. a telephone book

2.Which of the following is true about King' s College Summer School?

A. Only top students can take part in the program.

B. Visits to museums and culture centers are part of the program.

C. King' s College Summer School is run every other year

D. Only the teachers of King' s College give courses.

3.If you are to live with your relatives in New York, you will have to pay the school __

A. $200           B. $400          C. $900         D. $500 

4.What information can you get from the text?

A. You can write to Thompson only in English. 

B. The program will last two months.  

C. As a Chinese student, you can send your application on July 14, 2011.

D. You can get in touch with the school by e-mail or by telephone.

It was midnight in Paris and we were rolling toward Avenue Bosguet. As we came to the Pont Alexandra Ⅲ, the taxi slowed down, for the traffic light was red against us, and then, without stopping, we sailed through the red in a sudden burst of speed. The same performance was repeated at the Alma Bridge. As I paid the driver, I asked him why he had driven through two red lights.

   “You ought to be ashamed of yourself, breaking the law and endangering your life that way.” I protested.

He looked at me, astonished, “Ashamed of myself? I am a law abiding(守法的) citizen and have no desire to get killed either.” He cut me off before I could protest.

“No, just listen to me before you complain. What did I do? Went through a red light. Well, did you ever stop to consider what a red light is? What it means?”

“Certainly,”I replied. “It’s a stop signal and means the traffic is rolling in the opposite direction.”

“Half-right,”said the driver, “But incomplete. It’s only an automatic(自动的) stop signal. And it does not mean that there is cross traffic. Did you see any cross traffic during our trip? Of course not. I slowed down at the light, looked carefully to the right and to the left. Not another car on the street at this hour. Well, then! What would you have me do? Should I stop like a stupid animal because an automatic, brainless machine turns red every forty seconds? No, sir,”he shouted, “I am a man, not a machine. I have eyes and a brain and judgment, given me by God. Ashamed of myself, you say? I would only be ashamed of myself if I let those blinking lamps do my thinking for me. Good night,sir.”

1.At the Alma Bridge,__________.

   A.the writer stopped the taxi and aid the driver

   B.the taxi went through a red light again

   C.there was a performance the writer had already watched

   D.the writer began to criticize the driver

2.To the taxi driver, a red light__________.

   A.was not a stop signal

   B.should not work at midnight

   C.sometimes made mistakes in judgment

   D.didn’t always mean that there was cross traffic

3.The main reason the driver dared to drive through the red light was that________________.

   A.he found there was no cross traffic there at that time

   B.he thought it a shame to be controlled by a machine

   C.he knew no other driver would see him at this hour

   D.he didn’t trust any brainless machine

4.According to the passage, the driver thought of what he had done was____________.

   A.law abiding                        B.law breaking

   C.something to be proud of             D.something to be ashamed of