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            • 1． Mike was dying to apply for a new job，but he was unconfident of himself，for he thought of himself as a （41） ______ （fail） and unworthy of success．He believed that the other applicants were better and more （42） ______ （qualify） than him．
              Mike's mind was occupied with negative thoughts and fears concerning （43） ______ job．When the day for the interview （44） ______ （come），he got up late and went to the interview hurriedly，in dirty clothes and with messy hair．He was unsure of getting the job．
              It so happened that Jim was competing for the job，too，but he approached the matter in a（45） ______ （complete） different way．Before the interview，he had made full preparations for everything needed．He dressed himself decently and behaved properly in the interview，（46） ______ （leave） a favorable impression on the interviewer．Expectedly，Jim（47） ______ （ inform） that he got the job eventually．
              Remember：Sometimes your appearance is a mirror，（48） ______ reflects your quality in a way．Also，your state of mind counts．People with positive attitude are more likely（49） ______ （succeed） than （50） ______ with negative attitude．
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            • 2．

              Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit(利润)—that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.　  (1)  　Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers.　  (2)  

              　　Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.　  (3)  　One is the establishment(制定)of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.　  (4)  　The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision(监管)and guidance by the management in authority.　  (5)  

              (1) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (2) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (3) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (4) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (5) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
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            • 3． In some countries，people eat rice every day．  36 they eat it two or three times a day，for breakfast， lunch and supper． They can  37 it， fry(煎)it or  38 it into rice noodles．They usually eat it  39 meat，fish and vegetables．
              Some people do not eat some kind of  40 ． Muslins，for example，do not eat pork，and Hindus do not eat beef．
              The Japanese eat a lot of fish．Japan is an island and its  41 go all over the Pacific looking for fish to  42 ．The Japanese sometimes eat uncooked fish，and they also eat a lot of rice．
              In  43 such as Britain，Australia and the United States，the most important food is  44 or potatoes． People there usually make their bread from wheat flour． They  45 potatoes in different ways． They can boil them，fry them and roast(烤)them．
              In Africa，maize(玉米)is the most important food．  46 rice and wheat，maize is a kind of cereal(谷物)． African people make the maize  47 flour． From this flour they make  48 kinds of bread and cakes．Many Africans are very  49 and they can’t afford to eat much  50 with their cereal．
              Cereals are a very important kind of food  51 we also need plenty of vegetables and lots of fresh  52 ．
              Some people eat  53 fruit and vegetables． They do not eat meat or fish or  54 that comes from animals． They eat only food from  55 ． Some people say that food from plants is better for us than meat．
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            • 4． Teamwork is all about working together to achieve a common goal or purpose．Is teamwork out of date？Why it is so hard to effectively conduct teamwork in those things？
              One way we employ teamwork in everyday lives is by becoming a parent．It is a parent's job to teach their children the fundamental skills and give them the knowledge they need to be successful in life．So why is teamwork disappearing in this aspect of our lives？Well in today's society，we find that more and more parents are experiencing that the teamwork is one-sided thing．According to a 2009report from the US，there are 13.7million single parents raising their children in the US and this amount could be due to the fact that parents are not stepping up and taking responsibility for their children or they don't have the means to，so they leave one parent to do it by themselves．This is a saddening fact，but it reflects that effective teamwork is losing ground in the parenting aspect of our everyday lives．
              Another place where teamwork affects us greatly is in our jobs．It doesn't matter if you are a small or large company； if you have at least one employee and yourself，then teamwork will be present．I have noticed that with the current economic recession（衰退），people are racing to grab jobs but the quality of people work has gone down greatly．It just appears to me that people do not take part in their work anymore．They want to get to work and work as fast as they can，just to receive the paycheck，but their quality standards flew right out the window．This type of behavior is where I think teamwork is losing its ground in the workforce．There are too many people who want to work independently and forget they are a part of a team．
              As you can see，we run into the aspects of teamwork in just about everything we do．Do you believe teamwork is really losing ground in today's society？I think it is．What's your opinion？

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            • 5． In 1997，a London researcher came up with a startling idea on how humans would live in the future．Professor Michael Batty，a widely known urban planner，summed it up in one phrase-"The Computable City"．By 2050，he says，there will be a convergence（集中） of computers and communication technologies，with highways and smart buildings connected via the Internet in new kinds of vast information infrastructures（基础设施）．"Everything around us will be some form of computer，"he wrote．
              Take the old Spanish port city of Santander as an example．After an€11million grant in 2011，over 12，000sensors（传感器） have been set up，recording everything from air pollution levels to free parking spaces．
              Streetlights now automatically get dark when no one is around，while rubbish bins give notice to collectors when they're full．These advances save local authorities about 25% on electricity bills and 20% on waste management．
              In a smart city，the information being produced is vast．Some experts estimate that by 2016we will provide 4.1terabytes（兆兆字节） of information per day per square kilometer of urban land area，which equals more than four average home computer hard drives．
              But the Santander centre's purpose is not just to serve the local government．It also makes this sensor data freely available to Santander citizens themselves．Via their smart phones，citizens can access up-to-the-minute information on everything from local traffic jams，parking spaces to pollen counts（花粉量）．
              Other smart city projects are even more diverse．In Norway，for example，more than 40，000bus stops for local transport company Kolumbus are already making scheduled announcements via Twitter．Passengers can also scan a type of two-dimensional barcode（二维玛） with their smart phones，which can be seen at each stop and leave messages about their experiences．
              While in Boston，a system called ShotSpotter is using acoustic sensors to find out the location of gunshots quickly，helping the police reduce crime．

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            • 6． NO matter which tourist destination you visit，chances are you'll see Lonely Planet guidebooks in the hands of travelers．
              Lonely Planet is one of the world's largest travel guide brands，publishing more than 500different guides in eight languages．This year marks the company's 40th anniversary．The popular brand also produces television shows，websites and podcasts，all dedicated to travel．
              Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable．They save you time and keep you from missing the very best things in a place．And of course，their reviews of hostels，hotels and restaurants，in addition to ticket information about your destination，are useful．
              This can be great if you're a nervous traveler，or if you haven't traveled by yourself before．If you're in a country where you don't speak the language，sometimes there's nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook．You simply point to a map，directing the taxi driver to a hostel that's cheap and clean，with friendly staff and cold beer．
              But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers．They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity （率性） out of traveling，and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen．They also lament that if you follow a guidebook，you'll end up doing the same things and having the same experiences as everyone else．You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over，because everyone is reading the same book and following the same trail．
              Another criticism of travel guides is that they have an overly large influence on local communities．For example，some locals dedicate their lives solely to behaving in ways that attract tourists．They fake a traditional lifestyle，wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses just to attract tourists'dollars．

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            • 7． Conventional wisdom is a major barrier to innovation（创新） that threatens the survival of companies everywhere．It's based on the assumption that old ideas will always work，so they shouldn't be challenged．While this may be a valid assumption in situations that don't change，it's unlikely to hold true in a changing situation．In today's rapid changing global environment，old methods often don't work，and stubbornly using them can lead to major problems．
              Most people seem to agree with conventional wisdom because it gives one a false sense of security．If everyone else believes it，then it must be true．Individuals who use conventional wisdom are certain that they are right，and being right is good．They want to continue using old ideas rather than take risks with changes that might not work．In 1977，Ken Olsen，co-founder and CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation （DEC），stated"There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home．"Despite being a dominant leader in the computer industry，DEC no longer exists．
              People seem to forget that since innovation is a change，there can be no innovation without change．Unfortunately，conventional wisdom prevents leaders，followers and companies from changing and therefore innovating．If companies don't innovate，but their competitors do，the future is likely to be problematic．Breaking from conventional wisdom has led to many of the most innovative companies and products in history across many industries，so it has a powerful effect on business success．
              Ted Turner （founder of CNN） knew little，if anything，about the news business，but he knew it was inconvenient to watch news only at the dinner hour，as was common before CNN．Turner's solution was to create a cable channel dedicated to news 24hours a day．The news establishment reflected conventional wisdom at the time，and predicted his idea would fail because no one wanted to watch the news all day．However， it doesn't take a rocket scientist to understand that viewers don't have to watch the news all day for the CNN to work
              ．Viewers just have to watch when they want to get information．Due to conventional thinking，the critics failed to recognize the opportunity that was clear to Ted．They assumed that only what was familiar to them could work in the future．
              Conventional wisdom prevents creativity，flexibility and risk-taking，so unconventional leaders enthusiastically break from it．To survive，thrive （茁壮成长） and maintain competitive advantage，companies must be flexible when reacting to change．
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            • 8． Have you ever wondered where the chocolate in your favorite candy bar comes from？Chocolate comes from the cacao tree，which grows in warm，tropical areas of West Africa，Indonesia，Malaysia，Mexico，and South America．And who eats the delicious chocolate made from the cacao grown in these places？The majority of chocolate is consumed in Europe and North America．This probably sounds like a familiar story-developing countries produce inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in developed countries，and generally， that is what happens with chocolate．Large chocolate companies buy cacao beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price．
              But the familiar story has a new chapter．Beginning in the 1980s，some consumers learned that cacao farmers were living difficult and uncertain lives．The farmers received money for their crops based on world markets，and the market price for cacao was sometimes so low that farmers received less for their crops than the crops had cost to produce．In response，groups of consumers in Europe and the United States developed"fair trade"organizations to guarantee that farmers of cacao，as well as coffee and tea，would receive fair and consistent prices for their crops．
              Fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying cacao beans or other products from them directly at higher-than-market prices and eliminating （除去）"middle men"such as exporters．Fair trade organizations also encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers，for example，growing cacao without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees．One organization，Equal Exchange，helps farmers set up farming cooperatives in which they can share resources and work on projects such as community schools．Another，Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International （FLO），guarantees that products bearing its label meet standards that improve the lives of growers and producers．
              The results of fair trade are a better standard of living for some farmers and nicer chocolate bars made with organically produced cocoa that consumers don't feel guilty about buying．And although fair trade chocolate is somewhat more expensive than other chocolate and now makes up only 1% of chocolate sold，the fair trade idea is spreading quickly．You may soon see fair trade chocolate right next to the more famous bars in your favorite store．
              难度：较易
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            • 9． A strange，new dilemma faces Chinese pedestrians：should you help an elderly person who has fallen into the street？The answer seems simple．Your conscience forces you to help someone in danger．But many Chinese are discovering that some of these injured people are scammers．They accuse good Samaritans（好心人） of having knocked them over in the first place，and they file complaints in hopes of receiving large amounts of compensation．
              There are frequent reports on such incidents and following disputes．On Sept 8，a new case happened in Huainan，Anhui province．Yuan Chen，a 20-year-old college student from Huainan Normal University，claimed that she helped an injured elderly woman on the street．But the woman's family has demanded that Yuan take full responsibilities for the injuries．
              Since the incident happened in the security cameras'blind spot， both sides are looking for witnesses to clear their names．The local police department is also investigating the case．But how can you possibly solve a case like this，where the only evidence comes from two conflicting viewpoints？
              "This kind of cases should follow the principle of‘the burden of proof lies with the person making the claim'，"Ye Lin，a law professor from Renmin University of China，told China Central Television．The burden of proof means the collection of proof or evidence．In civil cases，"if you accuse someone of causing you harm or losses，you should collect convincing proof to back your claim，"said Ye．"If you cannot do that，the law will not be able to support your claim．"
              The law may not resolve all the problems，however．Some elderly people choose to blackmail（敲诈） their helpers because they do not have health insurance．To prevent this，the country needs to put in place a better social security net．
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            • 10． Martin was returning to work in his London office after spending two weeks with his brother in New York．He was coming back with a heavy heart．It was not just that it was the end of a wonderful holiday； it was not just that he invariably suffered badly from jet lag（时差）； it was that Monday mornings always began with a team meeting and，over the months，he had grown to hate them．
              Martin was aware that colleagues approached these meetings with hidden agenda（会议议程）； they indulged in （沉溺于）game playing； and he knew that people were not being honest and open．The meetings themselves were bad enough-there was all the moaning afterwards at the meeting like"I could have improved on that idea，but I wasn't going to say"．
              As this morning's meeting began，Martin prepared himself for the usual dullness and boredom．But，as the meeting progressed，he became aware of a strange background noise．At first，he thought that he was still hearing the engine noise from the aircraft that had brought him back to London．But，as he concentrated on the noise，it became a little clearer．
              He realized，to his amazement，that he could actually hear what they were thinking at the same time as they were speaking．What surprised him，even more than the acquisition（获得）of this strange power，was that he discovered that what people were saying was not really what they were thinking．They were not making clear their reservations．They were not supporting views which they thought might be popular．They were not contributing their new insights．They were not volunteering their new ideas．
              Martin found it impossible not to respond to his new knowledge．So he started to make gentle interventions，based more on what he could hear his colleagues thinking than on what he could hear them saying．"So，John，are you really saying…""Susan，do you really think that？""Tom，have you got an idea on how we could take this forward？"They looked at him，puzzled．In truth，he felt rather proud of his newly-acquired talent．
              As the meeting progressed，it was clear to him that each member of the meeting was learning how to hear the thoughts of the others．The game playing started to fall away； people started to speak more directly； views became better understood； the atmosphere became more open and trusting．
              The meeting ended．As people left the room，Martin found that he could still hear what they were thinking．"That was the best meeting we've ever had．""All meetings should be like that．""In future，I'm going to say what I think"．

              难度：较易
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