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            • 1． The Science of Risk-Seeking
              Sometimes We decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward，the risk seems worth tasking．（71）     Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us．Why？Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work．
              The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans．Risk-takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring．（72）    As the quality of Risk-taking was passed from on ration to the next，humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk．
              So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then？Well，even 200，000years ago，too much risk-taking could get one Killed．A few daring survived，though，along with a few stay-in-the-cave types．As a result，humans developed a range of character types that still exists today．So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it． （73）    
              No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range，scientists say that your Willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years．（74）    To help you do that，your brain increases your hunger for new experiences．New experiences often mean taking some risks，so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well．
              Mean taking some risks，so your brain raisers your tolerance for risk as well．
              （75）     For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active．
              As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking，we’ll continue to hit the mountains，the waves or the shallow end of the pool．

              A．It all depends on your character．
              B．Those are the risks you should jump to take．
              C．Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival．
              D．Thus，these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest．
              E．This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world．
              F．However，we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards．
              G．New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 2． The average computer user has between 5 and 15 username/password combinations to log in different kinds of accounts．Some demand you use a specific number of symbols and digits，while others require you to change your password every 60 days．The feeling of confusion resulting from memorizing these login information has grown so common that it actually has a name：password fatigue（疲劳）．
              Having to remember so many different passwords is annoying，but it can also be dangerous．Because it is virtually impossible to remember a unique password for each of these accounts，many people leave handwritten lists of usernames and passwords on or next to their computers．
              （71）    While these practices make it easier to remember login information，they also make it easier for thieves to hack into accounts．
              Single Sign-On （SSO） confirmation and password management software can help solve this problem．With SSO，users only need to remember one password to log in to the main system．
              （72）    SSO software is typically used by large companies，schools，or libraries．
              （73）    If a user loses or forgets the password required to log in to SSO software，the user will then lose access to all of the applications linked to the SSO account．Users who rely on password management software face the same problems．
              Although most websites or network systems allow users to recover or change lost passwords by providing email addresses or answering a prompt（提示），this process can waste time and cause further frustration．What is more，recovering a forgotten password is only a temporary solution．
              （74）    
              Some computer scientists have suggested computers rely on biometrics（生物测定学）．（75）     The use of biometrics raises questions concerning privacy and can also be expensive to practice．
               Software engineers and computer security experts are still searching for the cure to password fatigue．Until they find the perfect solution，however，everyone will simply have to rely on the password system currently in place．

              A．It does not address the larger problem of password fatigue．
              B．These software programs have been built into many major web browsers
              C．The problem with password management software makes users feel powerless．
              D．The SSO software then automatically logs the user in to other accounts within the system．
              E．However，SSO confirmation and password management software also have drawbacks．
              F．This is a method of recognizing human users based on unique traits，such as fingerprints，voice，or DNA．
              G．Others solve this problem by using the same password for every account or using extremely simple passwords．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 3． （2013•朝阳区校级二模）Teletubbies
              Teletubbies is a very popular show featuring interesting and fun characters that keep children absorbed．（71）     Moreover，they are unique in their great contribution to preschoolers'formal school readiness．The program fits well into the style of broadcasting that airs on PBS （Public Broadcasting Service），which is non-profit TV promoting high quality，educational programs without commercial interruption．
              A company by the name of Ragdoll Productions in the United Kingdom developed the Teletubbies figures and their stories．Teletubbies'producers，Anne Wood and Andrew Davenport，conducted extensive research to guarantee the effectiveness of their production as a teaching tool．（72）     The conclusions they reached were put very well into words by Ms．Wood when she said，"I want children to smile．If they are smiling，they will be relaxed．If they are relaxed，they will be confident．If they are confident，they will dare to be curious．If they are curious，they will grow in understanding．"（730     Young children over the world are privileged to enjoy the benefits，for since 1992the program has been sold to 92broadcasters in 70countries．
              What exactly，though，makes Teletubbies so visibly and emotionally inviting to young children？The answer is that they are completely designed from their point of view，being plump（fat and rounded in a pleasant way） and innocent-faced，as well as playful，warm，and funny． （74）     Imagine a land that is part technological and part nursery rhyme．Their home is Tubbytronic Superdome，and they eat Tubby Toast and Custard．A windmill blows in wonderful surprises among rolling hills，talking flowers，and a smiling sun．
              （75）     Teletubbies love each other very much； Teletubbies love to dance and sing； Teletubbies love their favorite things and interacting with their surroundings．These messages，conveyed in very basic，repetitive language，invite interaction with children，helping ages one through four expand the skills they need to watch and listen at the same time，which is key to the development of a child's thinking abilities．

              A．They live in a fascinating world that is brilliant and magical．
              B．They interviewed young children，linguists，and nursery school teachers．
              C．Lots of Teletubbies toys，books and DVDs are available to keep children entertained．
              D．Although the program aims at children aged one to four，it appeals to older generations．
              E．More importantly，the characters communicate very special，elementary ideas to the children．
              F．Like other cartoon creatures，Teletubbies are colorful both in physical appearance and personality．
              G．Much creative energy and innovation were channeled into each one of the 365shows that's been broadcast．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 4． As societies develop，their members start to see things not so much according to what they need，but according to what they want．（71）    
              Now，it's important for the managers in a company to understand what their customers want if they are going to develop effective marketing strategies．（72）     One way at supermarkets，for example，is to interview customers while they are doing their shopping．（73）    This provides information on which to base future marketing strategies．It's also quite normal for top managers from department stores to spend a day or two each month visiting stores and mixing freely with the public，as if they were ordinary customers，to get an idea of how customers act．
              Another way to get information from customers is to give them something．（74）     As well as being a good way of attracting customers into the restaurants to spend their money，it also allows the managers to get at feel of where to attract customers and which age group to attract
              Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work，touring the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that．（75）    
              A．They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the results of the research can be studied．
              B．This provides them with a perfect chance to examine the scene and watch the customers without being noticed．
              C．When people have enough money，these wants become demands．
              D．We have more ways of doing it better than ever before．
              E．Here are five principles of"H-E-A-R-T"communication．
              F．There are various ways o£doing this．
              G．For example，some fast food restaurants give away tickets to customers to get part of their meal for nothing．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 5． Stay on the brighter side of life
              One very important component of optimism is gratitude or feeling grateful．In fact，there is a strong connection between a grateful attitude and a heightened sense of well-being．Appreciate all the positives in your life by starting a gratitude journal in order to remember what you're grateful for．（71）    
              Feeling down？Instead of feeling sorry for yourself waiting for the universe to throw you a bone，try acting like you're happy-even if you aren't．A sincere smile and a forced smile will cause the same chemical reactions in your brain，so you can actually fool your mind into feeling better by making it react chemically as if things were going well．（72）      Reassure yourself that everything is good-even if you don't feel it．
              "（73）     If you're stuck in traffic，then everything else must be going horribly too，"says Anne Parker，a wellness counselor．By blowing negative events out of proportion，you're setting yourself up for feeling down all day．Instead，acknowledge that you're stuck in traffic，but also bring to mind something good，like the beautiful scenery outside the window．That way，you'll get in the habit of forbidding negative circumstances from blanketing your whole day．
              Swearing to lose 20pounds or to run a marathon seems like goals leading to happiness，but they take time to achieve．（74）     You may even end up admitting that you have been defeated．However，if you focus on the small milestones that occur along the way，you will feel positive about your progress，which will give you the strength to keep going．
              （75）     Try making someone else's day better．A report by United Healthcare and Volunteer Match found that volunteers are 72% more likely to characterize themselves as optimistic compared with non-volunteers．Plus，89% of volunteers say that volunteering has improved their sense of well-being，and 92% say that it enriches their sense of purpose in life．

              A．Try to help someone in need．
              B．Want to give your attitude a lift？
              C．People tend to think in an either-or way．
              D．Act in an optimistic way-smile，laugh，tell a joke．
              E．You'll fail to appreciate more important things in your life．
              F．By focusing on not having accomplished them yet，you will start to feel down on yourself．
              G．By remembering the pleasant things in your life，you can actually turn a negative attitude around．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 6． （2013•昌平区二模）I'll do it tomorrow，I swear!
              Procrastination is the thief of time and a lot of students suffer from it．（71）    However，they only stare into space，eat snacks，surf the Internet，watch videos and look at their pretty peers sitting around them who，most likely，are doing nothing either．
              According to a recent report by the BBC，95percent of us procrastinate at some point and 20percent of the world's population are chronic procrastinators，complicating their lives with their constant delaying of tasks．
              The figures are discouraging．（72）     Just look at Hamlet，who is perhaps the world's most famous procrastinator．He is also a university student，and his indecision leads to tragedy（悲剧）in the biggest way．
              Procrastinators like to find excuses to justify their behavior，but BBC columnist Rowan Pelling says they are all wrong．
              （73）     Pelling says this is nonsense，as work done at the last minute is more likely to have mistakes than work done on time．She says the behavior of procrastinators often makes them feel nervous and ashamed，inconveniences others，and annoys loved ones．
              Pelling also points out that procrastination feels particularly delinquent（不良倾向的） in a society that views swift action as praiseworthy，and，at times，even as morally good．
              （74）    Piers Steel，a Canadian social scientist and author of The Procrastination Equation，believes humankind is"designed"to procrastinate．Nevertheless，he suggests a couple of good ways to get through the task at hand．（75）    Break the task down into small pieces and work your way through them methodically．The second is ingenious：Give a trusted friend a sum of money and tell them that if you don't complete the task you have undertaken by a specific time，they can keep it or donate it to a cause you hate．

              A．The first one is obvious．
              B．But this does nothing to break the spell．
              C．They could spend whole days in the library doing nothing useful．
              D．Procrastinators are less wealthy，less healthy and less happy than those who don't delay．
              E．Many procrastinators tell themselves they are perfectionists who work best under pressure．
              F．Fortunately，social scientists have thrown their weight behind efforts to understand this behavioral weakness and offer strategies to control it．
              G．Paralyzed by their habit to procrastinate，they write micro blogs about their fears，asking their online friends if they sometimes have the same issue．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 7． 阅读下面短文并回答问题，然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上（请注意问题后的词数要求）．
              [1]You've known your best friend for many years and shared many precious moments together，they have always been there for you and have been your rock to lean on when you were down．Now someone is making you send them away，and you may never see them again．How do you feel？
              [2]This is how many Harbin citizens are currently feeling as a new policy has recently been passed banning large dogs from being kept in urban areas．Sadly then，all current owners have to __________________．Understandably this is heartbreaking．
              [3]The animals are being forced away from the city under the banner（旗号） of public safety and cleanliness．It's understandable that city officials want to create a safe and clean environment for the people of Harbin，but is the ban reasonable？Are big dogs that much of a danger and dirtier than smaller dogs？I can understand the cleanliness issue：there's nothing worse than walking in dog wastes and having to clean it off your shoes．It's disgusting!But smaller dogs create just as much mess，so the problem will still be lying around．
              [4]Cities in other countries have no policies dictating what kind of dog one can own．But their streets are still clean and people aren't getting chased around by crazy dogs．Dog owners should be educated properly in how to look after their animals and be punished for breaking the laws．The dog doesn't break the law by using the sidewalk as a toilet； the owner does for not cleaning afterwards．Maybe more severe punishments for the few offending owners will be a better solution，because many dog owners do clean up after their animals．
              76．What does the first paragraph have to do with the dog-losers，in other words，in what way is it related to them？（within 8 words）    
              77．Please fill in the blank in Paragraph 2．（within 5 words）    
              78．What are the two reasons for larger dogs being forced out of the city？（within 10 words）
              ①    ②    
              79．What's the main idea of Paragraph 3？（within 10 words）
                  
              80．What are the writer's suggestions on how to deal with the situation？（within 18 words）    ．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 8． Frogs，toads and salamanders usually make us think of green，slimy little monsters．These monsters actually belong to a very special class of animals called the amphibians．Amphibians can live both on land and in the water．They commonly inhabit ponds，rivers，marshes and other wetlands．
              Today，amphibians are becoming extinct very quickly from all the six continents where they are found．More than 25countries are reporting sharp drops in the populations of amphibians．In some places，embryos （胚胎） are dying； in others，adults are missing．Why are they dying off？
              Scientists blame human interference．Industrial waste and toxic gases given out by factories，manufacturing plants and cars are steadily poisoning the breeding grounds of amphibians．Chemicals such as sulphur dioxide rise high into the atmosphere and mix with rain．This makes the rain acidic and thus kills off delicate amphibian embryos．
              More rare species of amphibians are already gone．Costa Rica's Golden toads have not been seen since 1989．The Australian Gastric Brooding frogs are extinct．Leopard frog numbers are dropping in the Rocky Mountains．Leopard frogs live in the wetland regions in these areas．The wetlands are being drained to make way for highways，industry and new housing．
              Another threat to the amphibians is the increased ultraviolet radiation．Ultraviolet rays come from the sun and are extremely harmful to living things．They can cause skin cancer in humans．Luckily for us，ultraviolet rays are blocked by a thick layer of ozone above the earth's atmosphere．Ozone is a special kind of oxygen which absorbs ultraviolet radiation．Now，the ozone layer is being destroyed by chemicals called CFC's which are given off by factories．A hole in the ozone layer was discovered over Antarctica in the late 1980's．As a result，more ultraviolet rays are reaching the earth and more amphibians are dying．
              Just as the emergence of new infectious diseases such as Bird Flu are a threat to human and animal populations across the world，amphibian species are also facing their most significant threat from a little understood disease．A chytrid fungus is understood to be of the major causes of frog death across the world．
              （Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS）

              81．    indicate that amphibians are dying out quickly．
              82．What's the destructive force of acid rain？    ．
              83．The ozone layer protects people by    ．
              84．List at least two major factors that lead to the extinction of amphibians．    ．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 9． Some children are natural-born bosses．They have a strong need to make decisions，manage their environment，and lead rather than follow．Stephen Jackson，a Year One student，"operates under the theory of what's mine is mine and what's yours is mine，"says his mother．"The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sabers（剑）．Later，I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones．"
              "Examine the extended family，and you'll probably find a bossy grandparent，aunt，uncle or cousin in every generation．It's an inheritable trait，"says Russell Barkley，a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina．Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance（支配地位） when they sense their parents are weak，hesitant，or in disagreement with each other．
              Whether it's inborn nature or developed character at work，too much control in the hands of the young isn't healthy for children or the family．"Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behaviour，"says family psychologist John Taylor．"Children，"he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation，"have secret feelings of weakness and a desire to feel safe．It's the parents'role to provide that protection．"
              When a"boss child"doesn't learn limits at home，the stage is set for a host of troubles outside the family．The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches，for example，or trouble keeping friends．It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways．
              "I see more and more parents giving up their power，"says Barkley，who has studied bossy behavior for more than 30years．"They bend too far because they don't want to be as strict as their own parents were．But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills．Their kids，in turn，feel more anxious．"
              So for the sake of the children，parents should be strict with them in a suitable way and get more knowledge to be good parents．

              Title（71）    
              Kinds◊（72）     bossy children with an inheritable trait；
              ◊developed bossy children．

              Behaviors              		◊having a strong need to make decisions；
              ◊（73）    ；
              ◊leading rather than following；
              ◊not （74）     at home．


              （75）                  		        Children           Parents
              ◊fear（the basic cause）
              ◊（76）    
              ◊a desire to feel safe              		◊weakness，hesitation and disagreement with each other；
              ◊less power over the children；
              ◊（77）     about parenting skills．
              Influences◊having trouble dealing with others or keeping friends；
              ◊feeling （78）    ．
              （79）    
              for parents              		◊being strict with children in a suitable way；
              ◊providing protection；
              ◊learning to be （80）    ．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 10． Secret codes （密码）keep messages private．Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information is sent by computer．
                 People have used secret codes for thousands of years．（36）    Code breaking never lags（落后） far behind code making．The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography．
                 There are three main types of cryptography．（37）    For example，the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”Spell out the hidden message“Meet me．”
              （38）    You might represent each letter with a number，for example，Let’s number the letters of the alphabet，in order，from 1 to 26．If we substitute a number for each letter，the message“Meet me”would read“13 5 20 13 5．”
                 A code uses symbols to replace words，phrases，or sentences．To read the message of a real code，you must have a code book．（39）    For example，”bridge“might stand for“meet”and“out”might stand for“me．”The message“bridge out”would actually mean“Meet me．”（40）    However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long．So codes must be changed frequently．

              A．It is very hard to break a code without the code book．
              B．In any language，some letters are used more than others．
              C．Only people who know the keyword can read the message．
              D．As long as there have been codes，people have tried to break them．
              E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out．
              F．With a code book，you might write down words that would stand for other words．
              G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet．
              难度：中等
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