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            • 1. An Extension of the Human Brain
                 Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺),much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency.To be exact,other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions.When another person helps us in such ways,he or she is participating in what I’ve called a“social prosthetic (义肢的)system.”Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face,and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.It’s already a big bank of many minds.Even in its current state,the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
              Regarding memory:Once I look up something on the Internet,I don’t need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so.More generally,the Internet functions as if it were my memory.This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet.It’s become natural to check facts as I write,taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed,Wikipedia,or other websites.
              Regarding judgment:The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.For example,when I’m writing a textbook,it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term,which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning.But more than that,I now regularly compare my views with those of many others.If I have a“new idea,”I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it,or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.This certainly makes my own views clearer.Moreover,I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
              These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone.I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact,watch a video,read weibo.Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
              But that’s the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea.Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.

              An  Extension of the Human Brain





              A  prosthetic nature

              ●The (71)    can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
              ●It(72)    in our daily events extending our intelligence,
              Comprehending our feelings,and expanding the range of social
              Activities.





              Wonderful aspects
              Memory and judgment

              ●On the Internet,we could quickly and easily locate the details,and check facts,without(73)    them in mind.

              ●The internet makes us smarter over(74)    kinds of things.It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the (75)    of the matter.

              ●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to (76)    our claims,and to (77)    our actions.





              The (78)    sides of smartphones

              ●Smartphones make it easier and more (79)    to check reality,watch video clips,read uxibo.
              ●Smartphones(80)    the possibility for new and insightful minds,and steal away our dead time.
            • 2. If the word researcher brings to mind someone who works in a laboratory doing experiments or reads a11day in a library,then meet Dr.Sylvia Earle.Dr.Earle has carried out much of her research deep under the sea.Her outstanding work at sea has included leading around 70expeditions(探险)and spending over 6,500hours under the water.She also holds the world record for the deepest walk alone on the ocean floor at a depth of 381metres.It’s no wonder she has been given the nickname“Her Deepness”.
              As a child,Dr.Earle was always interested in wildlife and was never afraid to find out about nature.Her parents told her to touch animals and insects,and not to be afraid of them.When she was older,she was given the opportunity to develop this interest thanks to scho1arships to study botany at university.She also took courses in sea diving and decided to devote herself to marine(海洋的)biology.It was this decision and her determined character that led her to have a truly remarkable career.
              After several years of diving,Dr.Earle took part in a research expedition in an underwater laboratory.The laboratory was called a Tektite Habitat and it allowed divers to remain under the water to carry out research for weeks at a time.In 1970an all-female group went on the sixth expedition of the Tektite II scientists-in-the-water programme.Dr.Earle was asked to lead the expedition.Along with another four women-three scientists and an engineer-she stayed in the Tektite Habitat for two weeks.
              Marine life has always been at the centre of Dr.Earle’s work and she is highly respected for her authority in this field.She is often asked to give talks by environmental groups about marine life as well as her plan to create a global network of marine protected areas.What makes her extra special is that she doesn’t look upon her work as a job,but as her vocation(天职)in life.
              21.In what way is Dr.Earle different from most researchers we know about?    
              A.She works in a laboratory doing experiments all day.
              B.She reads all day in a library.
              C.She carries out much of her research deep under the sea.
              D.She has broken lots of world records.
              22.What’s the main idea of Paragraph 2?    
              A.Dr.Earle’s interest in wildlife led her to a truly remarkable career.
              B.Dr.Earle’s success is chiefly due to her family background.
              C.Dr.Earle’s success is chiefly due to the scholarships to study botany at university.
              D.Various factors have contributed to Dr.Earle’s success.
              23.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 3?    
              A.Five women took part in the expedition.
              B.Five scientists took part in the expedition.
              C.Dr.Earle was an ordinary member of the group.
              D.The group stayed under water for three weeks.
              24.What does Dr.Earle hope to achieve in the future?    
              A.To keep marine life at the centre of her work.
              B.To create protected areas in the oceans around the world.
              C.To travel around the world giving talks.
              D.To look upon her work as her vocation in life.
            • 3. She almost did not run.Christine Williams admits that now.She could barely put one foot after another following the wake(守灵) for her sister,who had died in an automobile accident.But she did run.With the cheers of friends and strangers reaching her heart,Williams set a C.W.Post record in Boston.Now she will run again,in the national Division II cross-country championships in Evansville,Ind.She wanted to be sure she was doing the right thing by running.She was the middle of three sisters,between Kerry,who is 25,and Jennifer,who was 18.
              Just going through any motions was hard enough,but Christine Williams wanted to know if she should put on her uniform and her shoes and run through the woods on an autumn afternoon,in the awful gaping time between her sister’s wake and her funeral.“I kind of got upset beforehand.”Williams admitted.Not a chatterbox under normal conditions,she now holds herself the best way she can,the fewer words the better.She almost walked away from the start line.But her friend Angela Toscano,who had flown up to Boston with her,directly from the wake,was standing near the line and talked her through it.“She said my sister would have wanted me to run.”Christine said.And that was enough to get her started.
              The accident happened just after midnight on Nov,4.Four young women were driving in an unfamiliar area of Long Island in Eastport,N.Y.,when one of them apparently ran a yield sign,and the car was hit by another vehicle.Heather Brownrigg and Jennifer Williams died,and their friends April Brown and Kaci Moran were treated at a hospital and released.
              The crash made the papers.April Brown was charged with drunken driving and driving without a license.
              The wake began on Nov.6.The next day Christine was to run with the Post cross-country team at the regional meet.Rich Degnan,the Post coach,“and Post officials offered a car service and tickets on the last flight-to Boston for Christine and Toscano.When they arrived at the hotel,the entire team was waiting up for her.
              Everybody knew about it at the regional meet.Degnan had to arrange for the flexibility of an alternate,just in case Christine could not go.Several times during the race,Christine felt she could not continue.But then she heard her friends and all those other people,those strangers from other colleges,calling her name.She thought about Jennifer.And she ran.She finished fourth in 22minutes 58seconds,breaking the Post record for the 6-kilometer distance by 15seconds.And although the Post team didn’t qualify for the nationals,Christine did.

              59.The efforts Christine’s Post team made for her include the following EXCEPT    
              A.offering car service and flight tickets to Boston
              B.arranging for a substitute for her beforehand
              C.taking care of her food and uniforms
              D.cheering for her during the race
              60.We can learn from the passage that    
              A.Christine’s two sisters were killed in the accident
              B.Christine’s athletic performance stood out in the race
              C.Christine flew to Boston after her sister’s funeral
              D.Christine broke the Post record in national meet in Boston.
              61.What is the crucial factor contributing to Christine’s success in the race?    
              A.Diligent practice.
              B.Excellent coaching.
              C.Good relationships.
              D.Firm determination.
            • 4. In English the spelling of words does not always represent the sound.So people say/rait/but spell it right or write,or even rite.Combinations of letters may be pronounced in many ways.And some words just seem to have too many letters.
                For Americans things are a little bit easier,thanks to the work of Noah Webster,a teacher who graduated from Yale University in 1778.As a young man,he had fought against the British in the American War of Independence,and he felt that written English in the newly independent United States should have a distinctive American look.
                So he began his work on American English.His first book,The Elementary Spelling Book,suggested simplifying the spelling of English words.The book was extremely popular.By the 1850s,it was selling one million copies a year,making it one of the most popular school books ever.
                Many of the suggestions were quickly adopted.Center instead of centre,program instead of programme,and flavor instead of flavour.Others,however,such as removing silent letters like s in island or the final e in examine,were not.
                 Webster is best known for his American Dictionary of the English language,which first appeared in 1828.It introduced lots of new American words,with information about their pronunciation and use,and,of course,the new spelling.The British criticized the dictionary,but it quickly became a standard reference book in the States.Today,Webster's dictionary is still the number one dictionary for American students.
              5.What is the text mainly about?    
              A.Webster and his best sellers.
              B.British and American English.
              C.The history of American English.
              D.The man who made spelling simple.
              6.Which is the right order according to the text?    
              ①Webster graduated from Yale University.
              ②American Dictionary of the English language came out.
              ③Webster's book was selling one million copies a year.
              ④Webster took part in the American War of Independence.
              A.②①③④B.③①②④C.④①③②D.①②③④
              7.What can we learn from the text?    
              A.All the spelling of words does not represent the sound.
              B.The Elementary Spelling Book was published in the 1850s.
              C.Webster's suggestions were accepted completely.
              D.Webster's dictionary is the best all over the world.
              8.What attitude do the British have towards Webster's dictionary?    
              A.They thought highly of it.
              B.They found fault with it.
              C.They argued bitterly about it.
              D.They followed the examples of it.
            • 5. DAVID Beckham didn’t make it.Cristiano Ronaldo didn’t hit it so big either.But Gareth Bale,24,has become the most expensive soccer player in the history of the game.
                  Four years after the arrival of Ronaldo at a record cost of 125million(765millionyuan)in2009,RealMadridisexpectedtopay135 million for Bale.But how is it that Bale,who was playing left back and being benched (当替补) by his English Premier League team a couple of years ago,now attracts such a big deal?
                  As of years ago,the Welshman had played 24 matches for Tottenham Hotspur,and had never finished on the winning side once-a record for any Premier League player.Tottenham even privately considered selling him.“A player who had once looked a prodigy (神童)-as a 17-year-old Southampton full back,the youngest ever international for Wales-already appeared,at 20,on the way down,”wrote Tim Adams at UK’s The Observer.
                  Through all the humiliations (屈辱),Bale hung on.While he was injured and kept out of games,he worked hard to reinvent himself.Bale’s father Frank’s uncompromising (不妥协的) discipline had a great impact on his son.
                  When he returned from injury later that season,Bale had been transformed in the gym.In a Champions League match in 2010,he established himself as the so-called“Incredi-Bale”overnight throughout Europe.With his team four goals behind to Inter Milan at halftime,Bale surprisingly scored a hat-trick before the game was over.Even former Manchester United coach,Alex Ferguson,praised him:“He had been a six-foot,gangly (瘦长的),slim boy; then all of a sudden he was built like a light heavyweight boxer.”
                  With Bale’s help,Tottenham are flying high in the league.In the 2012-13 season,he won all three of t he important individual awards:the PFA (Professional Footballers’Association) Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year awards and the Football Writers’Association Footballer of the Year award.
                  This has all led to people comparing him to Barcelona’s Lionel Messi and Ronaldo,who are widely regarded as the two best players in the world.
                  Former Madrid star Zinedine Zidane has even decided to mentor (指导) Bale.“He’s perhaps not quite at the level of the other two,but he’s different,”Zidane told ESPN.“So personally I don’t think he’s far off.”
              56.According to the text,which of the following is true?    
              A.Gareth Bale played full back for Southampton at the age of 17.
              B.Tottenham Hotspur never considered selling Gareth Bale.
              C.Tottenham Hotspur beat Inter Milan in a Champions League match.
              D.Gareth Bale won all three of the important individual awards in life.
              57.What plays the most critical role in Bale’s successful career?    
              A.His natural talent for soccer
              B.His father’s discipline and impact.
              C.His determination and hard work
              D.His coaches’effective guidance.
              58.From the passage we can infer that Bale lost 24 matches for Tottenham Hotspur     
              A.before 17 years old               
              B.between 17 and 20 years old
              C.after 20 years old            
              D.at the age of 24
              59.Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?    
              A.World Famous Soccer Stars     
              B.A Successful Soccer Player
              C.Best-known Soccer Clubs       
              D.Important Individual Awards.
            • 6. Loved and hated,but never boring.That is what people say of American writer Norman Mailer,who died late last year at the age of 84.He was the author of some of the greatest books of the 20th century.
              But Mailer will be remembered as much for his personality as for his writing.He was rude and bad-tempered.He violently attacked other authors and even wounded one of his six wives.
              However,this never stopped Mailer from being successful.People always wanted to read his books.His provocative (煽动性的) writing style and willingness to deal with difficult subjects made his books bestsellers.
              “He was willing to take risks with just about everything,”says the author Gore Vidal.“He had a radical (激进的) imagination,a way of approaching subjects that was never boring.”
              In a career that lasted six decades,Mailer wrote about a wide variety of subjects from history and politics to sport and celebrities.But he was most famous for writing novels and he twice won the Pulitzer Prize.
              His best book was The Naked and the Dead,a story about the tensions between American soldiers fighting Japan in World War II.Drawn on his own experiences as a soldier,it is a study of men at war examining their cruelty and bravery.
              Mailer’s brilliance as an author was his ability to capture human behavior.He did so through interesting characters,realistic dialogue and rich descriptions.The author William F.Buckley said,“He created the most beautiful metaphors (比喻) in the English.”
              Mailer leaves behind more than 40books as his literary legacy (遗产).However,he never achieved his life’s goal.He wanted to write what he called the“big one”,the greatest novel ever written about America.Well,at least it wasn’t for a lack of trying.

              46.According to the passage,    
              A.Norman Mailer was loved by all people   B.Norman Mailer wounded other authors
              C.Norman Mailer wasn’t successful   D.Norman Mailer wrote many great books
              47.By saying“Mailer will be remembered as much for his personality as for his writing”,the author means that    
              A.People will remember Mailer because he has a great personality
              B.Mailer’s personality is as impressing as his writing
              C.People like his writing better
              D.Mailer included many personalities in his writing
              48.Why did people always want to read his books?    
              A.Because he was loved and hated.
              B.Because he often violently attacked other authors.
              C.Because he had a provocative writing style and willing to handle difficult subjects.
              D.Because the characters in his writings are the most beautiful.
              49.About The Naked and The Dead,which of the following is true?    
              A.There are a lot of interesting characters in the book.
              B.It’s about American soldiers fighting Germany in World War II.
              C.It shows the bravery and cruelty of men when facing war.
              D.There are the most beautiful metaphors in the book.
              50.What attitude does the author hold toward Norman Mailer in the passage?    
              A.objective       B.disagreeable       C.friendly         D.Indifferent.
            • 7. (2014•潍坊三模)Many experts say that Billy Wilder changed the history of American movies.He is often called the best movie maker Hollywood has ever had.
              He was known for making movies that offered sharp social comment.Wilder was one of the first directors to do this.Between the middle l930s and the l980s,Billy Wilder made almost fifty movies.During that time he received more than twenty nominations(提名)from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.He won six of the Oscar awards.His movies have been seen by people around the world.
                  In l944,Billy Wilder made the film Double Indemnity.Some critics said this movie established him as one of the greatest Hollywood directors.Wilder directed The Lost Weekend in 1945.Ray Milland plays the part of an alcoholic writer in the movie.It shows that alcohol rules his life,yet he does not admit it.He hides alcohol in his home and says he is not drinking.
                  In l950.Wilder made Sunset Boulevard.This movie told of an aging actress in silent movies.She plans to return to movies though facing many problems.In l954,Billy Wilder became an independent producer.The next year,Wilder’s first movie as an independent filmmaker was a huge success.It was The Seven Year hch.In.this movie,a married mail wants to cheat on his wife with some of his friends.In l959,Wilder made a funny movie that was very popular.It was Some Like It Hot.It tells about two jazz musicians being chased by criminals.They decide to wear women’s clothes and join a band in which all the musicians were women.
                  Wilder died in March,2002.He was ninety-five.A current Hollywood producer said:“Billy Wilder made movies that people will never forget.”
              41.The text is mainly about    
              A.the background of American movies
              B.the development of American movies
              C.Wilder’s attitude to American movies
              D.Wilder’s achievements in American movies
              42.What was Wilder famous for according to Paragraph 2?    
              A.His unique style of making movies.
              B.Sharp remarks on society in his movies.
              C.More than twenty awards he received.
              D.Almost fifty movies he produced himself.
              43.Which of the following made Wilder among the greatest Hollywood directors?    
              A.Double Indemnity.     B.Sunset Boulevard.
              C.The Lost weekend.     D.Some Like It Hot.
              44.When was The Seven Year Itch made?    
              A.In l944.    B.In l945.    C.In l954.   D.In l955.
              45.The text is developed mainly    
              A.by following time order    B.by making comparisons
              C.by analyzing exact data    D.by giving instructions.
            • 8. “Experience may possibly be the best teacher,but it is not a particularly good teacher.”You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words,but they actually come from James March,a predecessor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making.53For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act,and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
              He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning:“Experience is respected;experience is sought;experience is explained.”The problem is that learning from experience involves (涉及)serious complications(复杂化),ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.
              In one interesting part of book,for example,he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning.55In our efforts to make stories interesting,he argues,we lose part of the complicated truth of things.He says“The more accurately (精确的)reality is presented,the less understandable the story,and the more understandable the story,the less realistic it is.”
              Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher,March is also a poet,and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses.Though the book is short,it is demanding:54Don’t pick it up looking for quick,easy lessons.Rather,be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.

              53.According to the text,James March is    
              A.a poet who uses experience in his writing
              B.a teacher who teachers story writing in university
              C.a researcher who studies the way humans think and act
              D.a professor who helps organizations make important decisions
              54.According to James March,experience.    
              A.is overvalued
              B.is easy to explain
              C.should be actively sought
              D.should be highly respected
              55.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?    
              A.Experience makes stories more accurate.
              B.Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.
              C.The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.
              D.Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.
              56.What’s the purpose of this text?    
              A.To introduce a book.
              B.To describe a researcher.
              C.To explain experiential learning.
              D.To discuss organizational decision making.
            • 9. Christopher Thomas,27,was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病),Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage,blindness and even death.And if that weren't bad enough,he had no health insurance.
                After a month of feeling upset,Thomas decided he'd better find a way to fight back.He left Canton,Michigan for New York,got a job waiting tables,nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar,and created diabeticrockstar.com,a free online community for diabetics and their loved ones-a place where over 1,100people share personal stories,information,and resources.
                Jason Swencki’s son,Kody,was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online children's forums(论坛) together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited,writing to kids from all over,“says Swencki,one of the site's volunteers.“They know what he's going through,so he doesn't feel alone.“
                Kody is anything but alone:Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States,with 24million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.
                 These days,Thomas's main focus is his charity(慈善机构),Fight It,which provides medicines and supplies to people-225to date-who can't afford a diabetic's huge expenses.Fight-it.org has raised about $23,000-in products and in cash.In May,Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.
                Even with a staff of 22volunteers,Thomas often devotes up to 50hours a week to his cause,while still doing his full-time job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there,most are putting money into finding a cure,“says Bentley Gubar,one of Rockstar's original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.“

              56.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas?    
              A.He needs to go to the doctor every day
              B.He studies the leading cause of diabetes
              C.He has a positive attitude to this disease.
              D.He encourages diabetics by writing articles.
              57.Diabeitcrockstar.com was created for    
              A.diabetics to communicate          
              B.volunteers to find jobs
              C.children to amuse themselves       
              D.rock stars to share resources.
              58.According to the text,Kody    
              A.feel lonely because of his illness
              B.benefits from diabeticrockstar.com
              C.helps create the online kid’s forums
              D.writes children’s stories online
              59.What can we learn about Fight It?    
              A.It helps the diabetics in financial difficulties.
              B.It organizes parties for volunteer once a year.
              C.It offers less expensive medicine to diabetics.
              D.It owns a well-known medical website.
              60.The last paragraph suggests that Thomas    
              A.works full-time in a diabetes charity      
              B.employs 22people for his website
              C.helps diabetics in his own way           
              D.ties to find a cure for diabetes.
            • 10. Rae Armantrout,who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego(UCSD) for two decades,has won the 2010Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book,“Versed”.
              “I’m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that the Pulitzer brings,as compared to even the National Book Critics Award,which I was also surprised and delighted to win,”said Armantrout.
              “For a long time,my writing has been just below the media radar,and to have this kind of attention,suddenly,with my 10th book,is really surprising.”
                Armantrout,a native Californian,received her bachelor’s degree at UC Berkeley,where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov,and her master’s in creative writing from San Francisco State University.She is a founding member of Language Poets,a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think.
                In March,she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for“Versed.”
              “This book has gotten more attention,”Armantrout said,“but I don’t feel as if it’s better.”
                The first half of“Versed”focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war against Iraq.The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.
                Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not.“Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry,”said Seth Lerer,head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD.
              “Versed”,published by the Wesleyan University Press,did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works,which is about 2,700copies.The new edition is scheduled to appear in May.

              66.According to Rae Armantrout,    
              A.her 10th book is much better
              B.her winning the Pulitzer is unexpected
              C.the media is surprised at her works
              D.she likes being recognized by her readers
              67.Which of the following is true of Rae Armantrout?    
              A.She published a poetry textbook.
              B.She used to teach Denise Levertov.
              C.She started a poets’group with others.
              D.She taught creative writing at UC Berkeley.
              68.What can we learn about“Versed”?    
              A.It consists of three parts.
              B.It is mainly about the American army.
              C.It is a book published two decades ago.
              D.It partly concerns the poet’s own life.
              69.Rae Armantrout’s colleagues think that she    
              A.should write more
              B.has a sweet voice
              C.deserves the prize
              D.is a strange professor
              70.What can we learn from the text?    
              A.About 2,700copies of“Versed”will be printed.
              B.Cancer made Armantrout stop writing.
              C.Armantrout got her degrees at UCSD.
              D.“Versed”has been awarded twice.
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