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            • 1. We all have been told since we were kids that we need at least 8hours of sleep every night.(36) ______ .Not many.
              Sleep,though,is one of the most important things our bodies need to stay to healthy.Without the rest that sleep provides,our bodies and minds wear down to the point where not only do we lose our work efficiency,but lack of sleep can even make us sick.(37) ______
              A lot of people eat late into the night and then try to sleep on a full stomach.(38) ______
              While you're trying to sleep,your body is working hard to absorb whatever you've eaten.Stay away from food a few hours before you go to bed,so that your body can rest.
              If you need more hours in the day to get your work done,try to make a chice between waking up extra early and then going to bed on time,or staying up later but then also getting up later.Some people do better and are more productive when they stay up late.(39) ______ Do some tests on yourself to see which option works better on you.
              (40) ______ .You body and your mind are more efficient when a routine has been set and a habit has been formed.Followed the same positive sleep patterns for a week or a week or a month and you'll notice a big change in how much more restful you feel.

              A.If you are struggling to get the sleep you need,here are some suggestions for you.
              B.So it's vital to have enough sleep for us.
              C.Turn sleep into a habit.
              D.Others feel better and have more energy when they wake up early.
              E.The more hours we sleep,the more energy we will have.
              F.This will not provide yiu with a restful sleep.
              G.However,how many of us actually get that many hours of sleep?
            • 2. The Lost Rules of Etiquette
              Etiquette,or good manners,used to be the glue that held society together.(16) ______ Sadly,these days it has mostly gone by the wayside.This list is several best rules of etiquette that have now disappeared.
              Opening the Door
              In days gone by,a gentleman would always open doors for ladies.(17) ______ This has now almost entirely disappeared----and it is not entirely the fault of the men.I have seen women laugh at men for opening a door for them.They seem to be confusing manners with chauvinism(大男子主义).
              Writing Thank-You Notes
              In days gone by,whenever a person received a gift,they would write a thank-you note as soon as possible.(18) ______ Parents would sit children down after a birthday or Christmas and coach them in their first thank-you note.It is a shame that gift giving has now become a virtual obligation and the idea of a thank-you note would be laughed at.
              (19) ______
              We seem to have completely lost the concept of correct timing when it comes to parties these days.(20) ______ After all,a party normally has a guest of honor-this is usually the oldest woman present.It was considered extremely rude in the past to leave a party before the guest of honor-and once the guest of honor left,it was a signal to all that they should begin their own preparations to leave.

              A.Arriving on Time.
              B.Leaving at the Right Time.
              C.People leave with various excuses.
              D.It enabled people to get on well with each other.
              E.This rule was true even if the giver was a relative.
              F.It could be the lady they were driving,or a stranger.
              G.We've thrown away the concept of a guest of honor at will.
            • 3.

              Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit(利润)—that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.   (1)   Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers.   (2)  

                Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.   (3)   One is the establishment(制定)of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.   (4)   The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision(监管)and guidance by the management in authority.   (5)  

              (1) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (2) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (3) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (4) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
              (5) A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
              B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
              C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
              D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
              E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
              F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
              G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
            • 4. The a__________(平均数) of 4 and 12 is 8.
            • 5. The Bystander Effect
              The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present,the less likely people are to help a person in distress.When an emergency situation occurs,observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses.Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
              The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine"Kitty"Genovese.On Friday,March 13,1964,28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work.As she approached her apartment entrance,she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
              Despite Genovese's repeated calls for help,none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident.The attack first began at 3:20AM,but it was not until 3:50AM that someone first contacted police.
              While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies,there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years.The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society,but why exactly does it happen?Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
              There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect.First,the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility.Because there are other observers,individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action,since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
              The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react,individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous.In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lover's quarrel,"and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
              Characteristics of the situation can play a role.During a crisis,things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear.Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening.During such chaotic moments,people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate.When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting,it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
              So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction?Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle.When faced with a situation that requires action,understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help.However,this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
              But what if you are the person in need of assistance?How can you inspire people to lend a hand?One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd.Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help.By personalizing and individualizing your request,it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.
              The Bystander Effect
              Passage outline Supporting details
              Concept of the
              bystander effect

              The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual
              from becoming (71) ______ in an emergency situation.

              It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence(72) ______ behavior.
              Typical example In 1964,a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was
              (73) ______ outside her apartment,while bystanders who observed the
              crime did not step in to assist or call the police.
              (74) ______
              for the bystander
              effect

              Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of (75) ______ in
              front of a large group of people.

              Before deciding to offer help,observers may want to make(76) ______ that
              it is appropriate to react.Besides,there is a natural (77) ______ for people
              to follow the crowd before the situation is clear.
              (78) ______ of
              the bystander
              effect

              You should realize or know the (79) ______ of the bystander effect and take
              measures to get rid of it.

              When in need of help,you should (80) ______ one from the crowd,which
              Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped.
            • 6.

              It was December 25. Marie, a 13-year-old Australian girl, was happy. It was Christmas, and Marieˈs mother was making a special cake. She put four small coins into the cake, and then she baked(烤) it. The four coins were for good luck. After dinner Marie and her family ate the cake. They found three coins in the cake and put them on the table. Where was the fourth coin? It was missing, but Marieˈs mother didnˈt notice.

                  After Christmas Marie got sick. She coughed, and she couldnˈt speak. After six weeks she felt better, but she still couldnˈt speak. Marieˈs parents took her to hospital. Doctors at the hospital looked her over, and then said, "We are sorry, but we canˈt help her." For 12 years Marie didnˈt speak. She grew up, she got a job, and she got married. But she never spoke. One day, when Marie was 25 years old, she got a sore throat (嗓子疼) at work. She began to cough. She coughed up something small and black. What was it? Marie didnˈt know. She took it to the hospital. A doctor at the hospital said, "This is a coin!" The doctor told Marie, "I think you can speak again." Marie went to a special doctor, and soon she could talk.

              (1) What did Marieˈs mother make on Christmas?

              _____________________________________________________________________________

              (2) What did Marieˈs mother put some coins in the cake for?

              _____________________________________________________________________________

              (3) How many coins did Marieˈs family find after eating the Cake?

              _____________________________________________________________________________

              (4) Why did Marieˈs parents take her to hospital after Christmas?

              _____________________________________________________________________________

              (5) Could Marie speak at last?

              _____________________________________________________________________________

            • 7.

              Will 61._________ matter if you don’t take your breakfast? Some time ago tests 62.__________(give) in the United Sates. Those tests included people of different 63.__________ from 12 to 83. During the experiment, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts, and sometimes they got 64.___________ breakfast at all. Special tests were set up to see 65.___________ well their bodies worked when they had eaten a certain kind of breakfast. The results show that 66.___________ a person eats a proper breakfast, he or she will work with better effect 67.___________ if he or she has no breakfast. This fact appears to be 68.___________ (especial) true if a person works with his brains. For example, if a student eats fruit, eggs, bread and milk before 69.__________(go) to school, he will learn more quickly and listen with 70.__________ (much)  attention in class.

            • 8. Nelson Mandela, (1)__________was born on July 18, 1918, is(2)___________  first black president of South (3)___________(African). He wanted to be a  (4)______(law) after he left university. In 1944 he formed the ANC (5) __________(young) League. Then in 1952 he set up a law office to help poor black people. Because( 6)____________  fighting (7)____________ the government and anti-black laws, he was (8)____________(sentence) to five years hard labor. Fighters from ANC began to  blow  up buildings in 1963 and he was put in prison on Robben Island. Twenty-seven years (9)____________,he was freed by the white government. In 1993 he was (10)____________(make) president and the government by and for black people was  set up. Nelson Mandela is a great man.
            • 9.

              May: Hi, Mike. Long time no see.

              Mike: Hi, May!

              May: Where have you been these days? It’s been quite a long time   (1)  I last saw you in the library.

              Mike: Well, I went to Hong Kong last month and stayed there   (2)  _half a month.

              May: Why did you stay there so long?

              Mike: Er, I went there   (3)  (attend) a meeting to discuss how to make sure of flight   (4)  (safe) between countries.

              May: I called you many times, but I could not get through,   (5)  made me very angry.

              Mike: Oh, I’m sorry. I got my phone number  (6)  (change) when I was in Hong Kong so that I didn’t have to spend so  (7)  on my phone calls.

              May: Did you have a good time there?

              Mike: Yes, a very nice time. I drove around with my friends. I also paid _  (8)  visit to the Hong Kong Disneyland. It was the first time that I   (9)  _(see) the sea. It’s   (10)  (real) a wonderful experience.

            • 10.

              Each summer, you hear news about a sports player being rushed to the hospital or passing out because the heat was just too much. If you follow some basic safety tips, you’ll be safe and happy playing outside for years to come.

              Drinking water is important to your health in the heat. This is the first thing that everyone says when it is hot outside. You should not drink soda, coffee, or iced tea when you’re playing outside, and for a few hours after you get inside too.

              Be sure to take enough breaks to let your body rest. If you feel that your coach don’t let you take enough breaks in the heat, don’t wait until you feel awful to march to the sidelines. Once you feel bad, it’s usually too late. Just be honest with your coach when you need breaks. He’ll understand.

              When you do have a break, don’t sit in the sun. With the sun beating down on you, you’ll only heat up and sweat more. Try to grab a seat in the shade under a tree, or even better, go indoors for a little while. Cooling yourself down can help you stay active longer.

              The signs of dehydration(脱水)can be tough to recognize. They include a dry or sticky mouth, dry skin, a headache, and dizziness(头晕). You might not always feel thirsty, so watch out for the signs of dehydration, and get yourself into the shade and get some water before it gets worse.

              The earlier in the day you start your workout or practice, the cooler it will be. If you can start practice before the sun comes up, you have a few good hours to practice in the cool hours of the morning. Also, the earlier you practice, the earlier you can be done, which gives you some good recovery time when the heat gets bad in the afternoon. If you need more practice time, a good idea is to take a break when the heat is bad and come back to the field later in the evening, when the sun is setting.

              As long as you pay attention to the above, playing sports safely in the heat isn’t a difficult thing.

              Title: Some safety tips while playing sports in the heat

              Drinking water in time

              ●Drinking water isimportant and necessary when you play outside.

              ●You should (1)________ some specific drinks when you’re playing outside and for a few hours after you get inside.

              (2)___ enough breaks

              ●Breaks can(3)___ your body.

              ●Take a rest before it is too late.

              ●Take a break in the shade or go indoors to cool yourself down.

              (4)_____ dehydration

              ●Recognize the ___(5)_____ of dehydration: a dry or sticky mouth, dry skin, a headache and dizziness.

              ●Get into the shade and get some water before it (6)_______

              Choosing (7)______hours for your practice

              ●Practice before (8)___, so you can (9)___ better in the afternoon.

              ●Do extra exercise in the evening with the sun      (10)_

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