The key to the relationship between creativity and dishonesty

A new study by Lynne Vincent and Maryam Kouchaki demonstrates that believing that you are a creative person can create feelings of entitlement when you think that creativity is rare and valuable. That feeling of entitlement can be costly for you and your organization as it can cause you to be dishonest.

Many organizations now are recognizing the importance of creativity and are attempting to encourage their employees to be creative. However, there is a cost to that creativity when creativity is seen as a rare and unique attribute (属性). The findings in this study are based on several laboratory experiments, in addition to a study of employees and supervisor pairs.

While creativity is in most cases valued, such as other positive attributes, including practicality or intelligence, it may be over-valued compared to those other positive attributes because creativity is by definition (本质上) rare. That sense of rarity then creates a sense of entitlement. People see their creative efforts as special and valuable and feel that they are worthy of extra rewards for their creative efforts. That entitlement can cause them to steal in order to get the rewards.

However, it is naive (天真的) to assume that employees in companies that have developed a strong identity as creative, such as Apple, Google, and IDEO, would be necessarily more dishonest due to their creativity.

“The key to the relationship between creativity and dishonesty is the sense of rarity,” said Vincent. “When individuals identified themselves as creative and believed that creativity was rare, entitlement appeared. However, if individuals believed that creativity was common, that sense of entitlement was reduced.”

When people in the laboratory experiments believed that their creativity was rare compared to common, they were more likely to lie for money. However, when people believed that being practical was rare compared to common, the increased sense of psychological entitlement and dishonesty did not occur. The effect was seen in organizations too. 

Although creativity is important in the business world, the dark side of creativity has only partly studied. However, as creativity is becoming more important for organizations, it is important for organizations to understand how to encourage creativity. Encouraging creativity in organizations is not as simple as telling employees to be creative. Defining what it means to be creative and what creativity means in that context is important. When people define creativity in terms of being rare and valuable, seeing yourself as a creative person can cause entitlement and dishonesty. However, if organizations define creativity as a common and everyday behavior or an attribute that many people can have, organizations may be able to encourage employee creativity without encouraging employee dishonesty.

内容连贯，并把该词完整地填写在短文下方对应的横线上。然后将答案转填到答题卡上。

times make if where houses but good hit  ones better

   We can't stop an earthquake，  (1)   we can do things to make sure they don't destroy whole cities. First，it is not a   (2)   idea to build houses along lines   (3)   two of the earth's plates（板块）join together. Second, if you think there may be an earthquake，it is 

  (4)   to build houses on rocks，not on sand．Third, you must   (5)   the houses as strong as possible. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake，but strong   (6)   may stay up.

Scientists are afraid that one day an even bigger earthquake will   (7)   the part around San Francisco（旧金山）．They call it "The Big One". However, people today are still building more   (8)  ．The population in and around San Francisco is now ten   (9)   more than it was in 1906. This means that   (10)   there is another earthquake, a great many houses and buildings will be destroyed.

This year, according to the last World Happiness Report, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden have been ranked as the five happiest countries in the world. So why are these countries so happy? Well, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OEDC), the Netherlands was ranked as one of the best countries for jobs. Nearly 75% of residents have jobs to do, but they rarely work very long hours, which gives them more time at home to spend with their families. 94% of residents claim if they were ever in trouble, they would be confident in knowing they can turn to someone close to them for help at any time. In this country, colleges and universities are free, and young adults are given the opportunity to pick a career they’re passionate about.

People of Switzerland value good work ethics（道德规范）and pride themselves on their ability to save money and spend wisely. Of all the OECD countries, Switzerland has the highest employment rate of 79% for people aged 18 to 65 and the average income per household is around $30,000. Citizens of Switzerland claim they tend to have happier thoughts and experiences over negative ones on a daily basis and feel entirely satisfied with their way of life.

In Denmark, the government tries to ensure its residents are happy and healthy. If you lose your job, the government is there to support you for up to four years, covering up to 90% of your expense. In a nation of over five million people, healthcare is free. Its citizens go to college for free and are offered financial aid every month, even if they live at home with their parents. A third of Denmark’s residents ride their bikes to get around, making it one of the most environmentally conscious nations.

Of all the nations measured, people in Sweden are among the healthiest. This might have something to do with their incredible air and water quality. Residents in Sweden enjoy around five weeks of paid vacation from work each year and understand the importance of spending time with their families. With the free education system, young people are given the chance to decide their future and pursue the career they want.

In Norway, people can attend college for free. People of Norway claim they can trust almost anyone and are continually happy with their life choices. The employment rate in Norway is around 75% with a gross（粗略的）pay of $44,000 for full-time employees. If a mother chooses to stay home with her pre-school aged child, she’ll receive a monthly stipend (津贴) from the government to help support her. Norwegians care much about one another and often treat tourists and visitors in a very warm manner, making them feel at home. Freedom of expression is highly valued in this country and they strive to treat everyone fairly.

Deep reading, as opposed to superficial (shallow) reading we do on the Web, is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art.

    Recent research has illustrated that deep reading, characterized as a unique experience different kind from the mere understanding of words, is slow, immersive (沉浸的), rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions—should I click on this link or not—allowing her to remain fully absorbed in the story.

    That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the material of literature are also vigorous (有活力的) exercise for the brain, driving us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity (能力) for recognition.

None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacity they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who only read onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and tell which book they like best. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly twice less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.

    All in all, the disappearance of deep reading would harm the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains have been trained to understand them.

How to have a sound sleep

Go for quality, not quantity.

While a solid eight hours is recommended for all adults, sometimes pain, chronic illness, continence issues, depression or stress prevent many from hitting that target. According to the UC Berkeley research, though, it's the deterioration (恶化)in the quality (i.e., difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep) that keeps “memories from being saved by the brain at night.”

Ditch any late-day coffee.

It's hard to remember whether caffeine(咖啡因) is good for you and bad for you, as the studies seem to say something different every day. But one thing remains the same: caffeine stays in your system a long time, so it's best to avoid consuming it too late in the day. Cut it out starting around 3 to 4 p.m., experts recommend.

Unplug.

Turn off the TV, the cell phone, the iPad, the laptop. Starve your brain's addiction(瘾) to instant information, which in turn will renew and preserve your memory as you sleep. Not only that, you'll avoid the increased risk of depression that increased exposure(暴露，接触) to man-made light (from TV, computer and smart phone screens) has been shown to cause. Choose other “unwinding”(减压的) activities for the pre-bed hours, such as board games, taking a class, reading a book, or simple and enjoyable chores(杂事).

Redecorate your bedroom.

New pillows, sheets, bed linens, darkening curtains, and other accessories that make you feel relaxed, cozy and eager to go to bed at night are well worth the money. But don't just focus on these elements: if you have a TV in the bedroom, move it elsewhere. Got a lot of clutter in your bedroom? Clear it out. Have a workspace in the bedroom? Relocate it. Experts agree that keeping the bedroom for sleep only is a vital way to ensure quality rest.

Keep a bedside journal.

When your head hits that pillow, does your mind start racing? Whatever's weighing on your mind will probably keep you tossing and turning, so keep a good old-fashioned journal and pen handy (don't use the smart phone). If no amount of deep breathing or meditation exercises have worked, write down your thoughts. Don't worry about being grammatically correct, just get them on the page so you can forget about them (at least until morning). Many believe that a great way to improve your memory is by forgetting more, which is certainly necessary when you need to be sleeping instead of stressing.

Talk to your doctor.

If physical, mental, or emotional hardships are keeping you up at night, go to a physician for advice, who may be able to diagnose(诊断) an underlying cause that you're unaware of, or prescribe (开处方)something to help you sleep through the pain or other distractions.

 Title :How to have a sound sleep

  Lead poisoning occurs when lead is presented in high level in the blood of a person．It is the most common medical problem found in children．And it's important to recognize the presence of lead in a child’s body because lead is very harmful．

    Children have the tendency to go around and put things in their mouth like paint．This is one of the main causes of lead poisoning．I also have found that children born in poor farmilies have higher chances of getting exposed to lead．Lead can also be found in old water pipes and food and juice cans．

    Some of the common symptoms of lead poisoning in children are headaches，stomach pain，hair loss,muscle weakness，weight loss，ect．

    Lead poisoning can have severe effects and can lead to head diseases，kidney diseases and other problems．It can also result in mental retardation and low I．Q．level．There have been cases where lead poisoning proves to be deadly for the child．

    It’s difficult to recognize whether a child is affected with lead poisoning easily，as the symptoms of this disease can occur due to some other medical problems．Therefore，children under the age of 6 should regularly be checked to know the level of lead in their blood，through blood test．It’s possible to completely cure a child with lead poisoning through treatment．Usually，oral medicines are given to the child，while sometimes，they’re injected for reducing the lead level．Children who have very high level of lead in their blood would need treatment for a long period of time and would also be put on a special diet．

    Parents have to take certain measures to lower the chance of lead poisoning in children．Cleaning the house regularly and removing shoes at the door，after coming from outside，will prevent the lead particles(微粒)from entering the house．Children should be put on a healthy diet，containing high proportions(比例)of calcium and iron，such as eggs，milk，fruits，potatoes，ect．which helps to keep the lead level in control，in the child’s body．In short，parents should be careful and protect their children from the horrible consequences of lead poisoning．

Lead Poisoning in Children

Self-regulated Learning

Today, people change jobs an average of seven times before they retire. Many of these career changes require new learning that must be self-initiated and self-directed. Thus, one goal of teaching is to free students from the need for teachers, so they can continue to learn independently throughout their lives. That is, to make them self-regulated learners. Self-regulated learners have a combination of academic learning skills and self-control that makes learning easier.

What influences self-regulated learning?

Knowledge, motivation and will-power combine to influence self-regulated learning.

First of all, self-regulated learners have knowledge about themselves. For example, they know their preferred learning styles; what their interests and talents are: and how to take advantage of their strengths. These experts also know quite a bit about the subject being studied-and the more they know, the easier it is to learn more. They understand different learning tasks require different approaches. Further, they have mastered adequate learning strategies and tactics. For example, they know how and when to skim and how and when to read for deep understanding.

Self-regulated learners are motivated by learning itself. They find many tasks in school interesting because they value learning, not just performing well in the eyes of others. However, knowledge and motivation are not always enough. Self-regulated learners need will-power. They wonˈt give up easily. They know how to protect themselves from distractions—for example, what to do when attracted to stop working and have a cup of coffee.

A model of self-regulated learning.

Phi Winne and Allyson Hadwin put forward a 4-stage model.

1) Analyzing the learning task. Learners examine whatever information they think is relevant in order to construct a sense of what the task is about, what resources are available, and how they feel about the work to be done.

2)Setting goals and devising plans. What goals for studying might you set for a quiz covering only one chapter that counts just 3% toward your grade? Would your goals change if the test covered the last six chapters and counted 30% toward your course grade? Your goal in turn affects the shape of your plans for how to study. Is cramming(突击学习) the best approach? Is it a better plan to study a half-hour each day?

3)Enacting tactics and strategies to accomplish the task. Learners put their tactics and strategies into practice and monitor how well the plan is working. Are you reaching your goals? Is your progress rate fast enough to be prepared for the test?

4)Regulating learning. Learners have to decide whether changes are needed in any of the three preceding stages. For example, if learning is slow：Do you need to review some prior material that provides foundations for the content you are now studying?

Teaching toward self-regulated learning.

To develop studentsˈ self-regulated learning ability, teachers should let students take an active part in finishing complex meaningful tasks; give them control over their learning processes and products; involve students in setting criteria for evaluating their learning processes and products, then give them opportunities to make judgments about their progress using those standards.

Title: Self-regulated Learning

Computer addiction can be described as the overuse of the computer which continues despite serious negative consequences for personal, social or occupational functions. However, not all people who spend hours each day on the computer are considered addicted. There are many uses for computers and the Internet and in many cases, an individual may spend 6 or more hours in a day on the computer but still not be considered an addict. Therefore, there is no set number of hours that is considered a potential for computer addiction.

But those who are suffering from anxiety and depression caused by stress at work, relationships or financial problems tend to become computer addicts. Some people become addicted mainly because they feel bored with everything and feel like there is nothing else to do.

If one feels an intense desire to go online, play a computer game, or socialize as soon as he wakes up and before he goes to bed, he may have become an addict. Other symptoms include using the computer as the only source of entertainment, lying to his family and friends about the activities that he performs while on the computer. Some addicts possess anxious feelings when wanting to use the computer or knowing that time on the computer is limited. Others may lose track of time while on the computer and spend more time on it than intended. The computer can also be used as a form of escapism from reality.

Excessive computer use may result in the lack of face-to-face social interaction and an increasing amount of time and money on hardware, software and computer-related activities. Computer addiction makes one neglect his work, school, or family obligations. He often fails at repeated efforts to control computer use. So it’s time to seek help for the sake of health.

Counseling (心理辅导) or therapy can focus on treating underlying mental health conditions that caused the addiction such as anxiety, depression, social trauma or other conditions. Many different options for group or community support are available to assist those addicts. Just getting out and interacting with others can be very rewarding to the computer addict. Another method is to focus on new interests. For instance, a computer user might take part in a new gym membership, spend time at the movies with friends or go out for a walk. If a computer user does feel that he must go onto the computer, consider talking himself out of the computer use unless it is absolutely necessary. If he does go on the computer, he must make a plan for what he will do when on the computer, how long it will take and what time you will be off of the computer.

       I have known my friend Rebecca for a long time.We first  56   at a friend’s birthday party five years ago.We found out that we 57  liked pop and jazz music.So I invited Rebecca over to my place.We  58  to my CDs together and soon became best friends.

Three years ago,Rebecca’s parents invited me to go on holiday  59  them.It was great.We spent three  60  weeks in a little cottage in Ireland(爱尔兰). Rebecca and I loved  61  along the beautiful beach.We took a lot of  62  and had a lot of fun.

Two years ago,I spent a week in hospital and Rebecca came to see me every day. But then,last year,Rebecca’s father changed his job,and they moved to  63  town.Since then we haven’t seen each other very much.  64  ,we have talked on the phone and we’ve written  65  to each other.

 You want to be confident and feel confident, but what if youˈre starting with little or no confidence? True self-confidence isnˈt an overnight acquisition. It takes dedication to realize you are a good human being that is worthy of respect and love.

Recognize your insecurities

     What does that voice in the back of your mind say? Why do you feel uncomfortable or ashamed of yourself? This could be anything from regrets to friends at school or negative experience. Whatever is making you feel unworthy, or ashamed, identify it, give it a name, and write it down. You can also tear these written pieces to start feeling positive on those points.

Get rid of insecurities gradually

       Each day you should weaken it. Thereˈs no quick fix. Get to the root of the problem; focus on it and understand that you need to resolve each issue before you can move on. Check if it is an old past emotion and if it is really still relevant or applicable in your life today. And that does not mean you have to get rid of whatever makes you feel bad (many times, you simply canˈt). You need to learn to accept yourself, your past, your circumstances as they are, without necessarily thinking of them as “bad”.

Identify your successes

     Everyone is good at something, so discover the things at which you do extremely well, then focus on your talents. Give yourself permission to be proud of them. Give yourself credit for your successes. Inferiority (自卑) is a state of mind in which youˈve declared yourself a victim. Do not allow yourself to be victimized.

Be positive

    Avoid self-pity, or the pity and sympathy of others. Never allow others to make you feel inferior—they can only do so if you let them. If you continue to dislike and look down upon yourself, others are going to do and believe likewise. Instead, speak positively about yourself, about your future, and about your progress. Do not be afraid to show your strengths and qualities to others. By doing so, you strengthen those ideas in your mind and encourage your growth in a positive direction.

Apply “facial feedback theory”

     Studies surrounding what’s called the "facial feedback theory" suggest that the expressions on your face can actually encourage your brain to express certain emotions. So by looking in the mirror and smiling every day, you might feel happier with yourself and more confident in the long run.

    Help others

     When you know you’re helpful to the people around you, and are making a positive difference in other people’s lives (even if itˈs just being kinder to the person who serves you coffee in the morning), youˈll know that you are a positive force in the world—which will boost yourself confidence.

     Now, dear friends, will you let confidence keep you company? Be confident, and accomplishing your goals will be just around the corner.

Title: The ways to become confident