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            • 1．

              Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart(购物手推车). They will, in a lifetime, push thechrome-plated contraptionsmany miles. But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them.

              Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging(吃力地携带) groceries around in baskets they had to carry.

              One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.

              On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention.

              But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.

              After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts. “Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied.

              But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony(假冒的) customers.

              As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come—those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.

              Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model. Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart.

              (1) The underlined words “chrome-plate contraptions” in Paragraph 1 refer to ______.  (No more than 3 words) (2) What was the purpose of Goldman’s invention? (No more than 10 words) (3) Why was Goldman disappointed at first? (No more than 10 words) (4) Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? (No more than 10 words) (5) What do you think of Goldman? Please give your reasons. (No more than 20 words)
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            • 2． I found the map ____great value in helping me traveling around the city.
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            • 3．

                   The World Health Organization(WHO) says there has been a sharp increase in the number of children in developing countries who weigh too much. In African countries, the WHO says the number of overweight or obese children is two times as high as it was 20 years ago.

                   Around the world, about 43 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2011. Doctors use height, weight and age to measure whether a person is underweight, normal, or obese.                             

                   Overweight children are more likely to become overweight or obese adults. The condition can lead to serious health problems like diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

                   Francesco Branca, director of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, says people are eating manufactured or processed food more often, which often has a high sugar. fat and salt content.  Another reason of gaining weight is the city lifestyle.  They travel in cars or other vehicles more than on foot, and have less physical activities in general.

                  Mr Branca says reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. He says the goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries.

                The WHO has some basic solutions for individuals（个人）: to lower your in-take of fat ,sugar, salt and processed food, eat more fruit and vegetables, and increase physical activity .These actions are especially important for children and governments should concern providing vitamin for children .

                  Reducing the number of overweight children will not be easy. The goal is difficult to meet even in wealthy countries. Educational campaigns about problems linked to obesity would also help. Food manufactures must balance quality and taste with the dangers of sugar, fat and salt.

                  The current goal of the WHO's World Health Assembly is to prevent an increase in the percentage of overweight children during the next twelve years.

              (1) What's the main idea of the passage? (No more than 15 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (2) What is the meaning of the underlined word "obese" in Paragraph 2?

                 (No more than 2 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (3) What diseases can overweight or obesity lead to?(No more than 10 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (4) Why do people put on weight easily? (No more than 12 words)

               _________________________________________________________

              (5) If you are overweight or obese, what should you do? (No more than 20 words)

               _________________________________________________________

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            • 4．

              OLIVER: Well, go on.

              HENRY: Oh, yes. __（1）____ It was all my fault. I didn't know whether I could survive until morning. ____（2）______

              OLIVER: And it was the ship that brought you to England.

              HENRY: Yes. __（3）___ I went to the American embassy to seek help, but ... (The brothers smile at each other.)

              RODERICK: Well, you mustn't worry about that. It's an advantage.

              HENRY: I'm afraid I don't quite follow you, sir.

              B

                 Their friend, Danny Lin, was waiting at the airport. He was going to take them and their baggage to catch "The True North", the cross-Canada train. On the way to the station, he chatted about their trip. "You're going to see some great scenery. Going eastward, you'll pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities. _（4）____ Here in Vancouver, you're in Canada's warmest part. People say it is Canada's most beautiful city, surrounded by mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Skiing in the Rocky Mountains and sailing in the harbour make Vancouver one of Canada's most popular cities to live in. Its population is increasing rapidly. The coast north of Vancouver has some of the oldest and most beautiful forests in the world. ___（5）_______"

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