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            • 1． Robert F． Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile． "With Britain voting to leave the European Union， and GDP already predicted to slow as a result， it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to．
                  The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century．Many argue that it is a flawed（有缺陷的） concept． It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do． By most recent measures， the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world， with record low unemployment and high growth figures． If everything was going so well， then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit， despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects．
                  A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question． Across the 163 countries measured， the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens． Rather than just focusing on GDP， over 40 different sets of criteria from health， education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing．
                  While all of these countries face their own challenges， there are a number of consistent themes． Yes， there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash， but in key indicators in areas such as health and education， major economies have continued to decline． Yet this isn't the case with all countries． Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society， income equality and the environment．
                  This is a lesson that rich countries can learn： When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success， the world looks very different．
                  So， what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations， as a measure， it is no longer enough． It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being．
                  The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth． But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being instead of simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress．
              Title： High GDP But （1） ______  Well-being， a UK Lesson
              Passage outline Supporting details
              Different opinions of GDP •Robert F． Kennedy's believed that everything was measured by a country's GDP except （2） ______ A made life worthwhile．
              •Many people hold belief that GDP measures what is unimportant and
              misses what （3） ______ ．
              GDP as the measure of （4） ______ is widely defied in the UK． •Despite the fact the Westem world has envied the UK's for its high GDP
              with high（5） ______ and high growth figures， over 17 million people voted to leave the European Union．
              •A recent annual study shows that in the 163 countries measured ，the UK
              is one of countries， which have most （6） ______ transformed economic growth into meaningful improvements for its citizens．
              Main assessments of a country's（7） ______ •Over 40（8） ______ of criteria from health， education and civil society engagement．
              •Environmental quality or education outcomes-all things（9） ______ in a person's sense of happiness．
              Factors considered beyond GDP Policymakers， who don't simply worry about GDP figures， instead think（10） ______ of improving happiness， can avoid forecasting doom and may even see progress．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 2． Decoding the young brain There was a funny experiment to see how a young child would answer a specific question compared to an adult． After the adult had spent some time speaking with the child， he asked the child， "What do you think about me？ "The child answered．"You talk too much． "When the adult performed the same experiment with another adult， the reply to the same question was， "I think you"re a very interesting person． " Even if the adult felt the same way as the child， his brain allowed him to take a moment， consider the question， and come up with an answer． He could have been annoyed， but his answer didn"t reflect it because he was being polite．
              The secret lies in the science of the developing brain． The child"s honest answer was reflected in the fact that his brain wasn"t equipped to filter（过滤） information before answering the question． As a result， he was honest，but he said something that may have been hurtful． However， the child did not intentionally hurt the adult； it"s just the way is brain works． As a child grows into adolescence and then into adulthood， that changes．
              The human brain is made up of billions of neurons （神经元）． In order for our body to execute a command， like getting up from a chair and walking to the other room， the neurons in the brain have to communicate with each other． They also help us employ our senses like taste and touch and help us remember things．
              When the neurons send messages， perhaps one sensation（感觉）the person feels is excitement about eating a cookie because it is so delicious． Later， if that person smells a cookie or hears someone talking about a cookie can spark the electrical signals that call up the memory of eating the delicious cookie． In an adult， he or she may remember that eating too many cookies can have consequences， like weight gain． But because the younger brain is more impulsive（冲动的）， the desire to feel the pleasure of the sweet treat outweighs the consequences．
              That is because when a child is young， his brain is"wired"in such a way that he seeks pleasure and is more willing to take risks than an adult． This affects his decision-making process and it is why younger people tend to be more impulsive． Sometimes parents have to tell their children over and over again before the child remembers that something is dangerous or risky． How many times have we heard a parent say， " I tell her this all the time，but the never listens!"
              To conclude， what we know about the young brain is that children are more likely than adults to be impulsive．It isn"t always necessarily because they are being naughty； it may very well be because of their brains． So the next time you ask a child what he really think of you， be prepared for any kind of answer．
              Decoding the young brain
              An experiment on a young child A young child answered the question (1) ． the top of his head while an adult paused，and (2) twice before he found an answer．
              Causes of the (3) reflected in the experiment The developing brain of the young child contributed to his honest answer．
              ◆He was more likely to hurt or offend others (4) while he didn"t intend to do so．
              ◆It"s just the way his brain works and with him growing up， that changes．
              Billions of neurons (5) up the human brain have their own mechanism for functioning．
              ◆The neurons have to communicate with each other， helping us employ our senses and remember things．
              ◆A person may (6) smell of a cookie with the memory of eating it．
              ◆A younger brain is more impulsive compared with an adult"s．
              A young child"s having a natural (7) to seek pleasure and take risks results from his young brain．
              ◆This affects his decision-making process and it is why younger people act in an impulsive way．
              ◆Warned many times before， a young child will still try something (8) or risky．
              A conclusion drawn from the experiment An adults ability to control his impulses is much (9) and a young child is not (10) being naughty when they make hurtful or offensive answers．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 3． Fear of missing out It"s Friday night． While many of your friends may celebrate by going to the movies or checking out a restaurant that"s just opened， you"ve decided to spend this highly cherished night of the week by yourself． The night is yours to enjoy． If you think this sounds relaxing， you"re not alone． At least for a little while until you start wondering if you"ve made the right choice． A doubt begins sinking in as you imagine the fun your friends are having in your absence． Suddenly， the quiet evening you planned for yourself begins to lose its initial appeal， and you find your excitement quickly turns to anxiety．
              Fear of missing out， or FOMO， is a common feeling． A recent study defined FOMO as "the uneasy and sometimes all-consuming feeling that you"re missing out - your peers are doing or in possession of more or something better than you．
              Fear of missing out often develops as a result of deeper unhappiness． Research has found that those with low levels of general life satisfaction are more likely to experience FOMO． Further worsening the all- too-common feeling is the rise of social media use． Active users of social media have a higher probability of comparing their achievements with others"． Rather than finding happiness through their own experiences， they begin worrying that theirs aren"t objectively better than anyone else"s．
              The consequences of FOMO are significant and far-reaching． One study conducted with first-year university students found that fear of missing out was associated with fatigue（疲劳）， stress， and sleep problems． Furthermore， in a 2018 study of 1，045 Americans aged 18-34， nearly 40% of participants admitted going into debt just to keep up with their friends" lifestyles， often through increased spending on food， travel， clothes， and electronics．
              So how can you overcome the fear？ Begin with gratitude． By reflecting on what you already have， you"re less likely to put valuable mental energy in worrying about what you don"t． Another alternative？
              Embrace（欣然接受） JOMO， or the joy of missing out． JOMO allows you to shift your focus to what you really want at any given moment， without feeling concerned about what those around you may be doing． So， turn off your phones and tablets， and engage in something you enjoy while resisting the urge to upload and share it． While this may take practice and perseverance（坚持不懈）， the results are well worth the effort．
              By embracing the joy of missing out， you make room for all the benefits that come from spending time with yourself and the inner wholeness you contain； you create space to keep up with the things you wish you had more time for - gardening， reading， resting， exercising， cooking， learning， or simply being； and you see yourself in new ways and unearth the talents， fears， joys and quirks that lie beneath the surface．
              Fear of missing out
              Introduction to FOMO FOMO is a common fear that others might be having rewarding experiences from which you are (1) ． For example， initially， you enjoy spending a Friday night alone in your own way． However， thinking of your friends" possible fun， you begin to have (2) about your original decision， which makes you (3) ．
              Causes of FOMO *People are not really happy and even feel (4) with their life．The use of social media may result in FOMO， especially when people make negative (5) between themselves and others．
              Consequences of
              FOMO              		 *It can contribute to people"s physical and mental (6)
              *It can cause people to (7) money to keep up with others" lifestyles．
              Approaches to overcoming FOMO *Be (8) for what you have now．
              *Embrace the joy of missing out， (9) on what you want without trying to seek attention．
              Benefits of embracing
              JOMO              		 *It allows you to have time alone to do whatever you enjoy doing．
              *It gives you a chance to (10) yourself better．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 4． Why should mankind explore space？ Why should money， time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits？ Why should resources be spent on space instead of on conditions and people on Earth？ These are questions that， understandably， are very often asked．
                  Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings． What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains， and on into all possible areas and environments？ With the wide spread of a species， human beings can get high chance of survival． Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible．
                  Nearly every successful civilization has explored， because by doing so， any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for． Without knowledge， we may be completely destroyed by the danger． With knowledge， we can lessen its effects．
                  Exploration also allows minerals and other potential resources to be found． Even if we have no need of them right now， they will perhaps be useful later． Resources may be more than physical possessions． Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration． The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives． We have already benefited from other spinoffs including improvements in earthquake prediction， in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems． Even nonstick pans and mirrored sunglasses are byproducts of technological developments in the space．
                  While many resources are spent on what seems a small return， the exploration of space allows creative， brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us． While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works， it also holds dangers． The danger exists， but knowledge can help human beings to survive． Without the ability to reach out across space， the chance to save ourselves might not exist．
                  While Earth is the only planet known to support life， surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets． It is true that the lifestyle would be different， but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future．
              Space Exploration
              Outline of the paragraphs Detailed information
               （1） ______  to points for discussion Why should we explore space？
              Why should we invest so much with few visible benefits？
              Why should resources be spent on space （2） ______  than on conditions and people o earth？
              Reasons for exploring space It is human （3） ______  to explore new areas and environment．
              The （4） ______  the spread of a species， the higher its chance of survival．
              Human beings genetically tend to expand where possible．
              By exploring we can have the information and understanding that can help us identify and get （5） ______  for any danger in surrounding areas．
              Human beings can have unexpected benefits by exploring space．
              We can find more minerals for future use even if we don't need them （6） ______ ．
              Besides physical possession， we can acquire knowledge or techniques through exploration， which results in （7） ______  the life span， improving quality of life， （8） ______  earthquakes and the weather and even developing non-stick pans．
              Faced with danger， human beings' （9） ______ ， bravery and intelligence will enable us to survive．
              Conclusion Space exploration may help us （10） ______  potential problems on Earth．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 5． ______
              in point ● Rumi， an emoii （5） ______ like a panda， has been downloaded by over
              a quarter of China's entire population．
              ● Zhang Xuchen created emojis part lime but earned a good income because customers（6） ______ him．
              ● The president of StarMoly， which （7） ______ Rumi， recognizes emojis as a promising IP． Problems with emojis ● Emojis are very likely to be pirated because the （8） ______ A of them are in digital forms．
              ● There is a（n） （9） ______ of effective supervision because it's a band-new industry． Solution Related rules and regulations are needed to protect the IP rights of both creators and companies， and education should （10） ______ closely．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 6． The Hidden Meaning of Kids" Scribbles （胡乱画） A parent might place his daughter"s tadpole （蝌蚪） drawing on the fridge out of a love for his child rather than for the funky-looking image， but for many people， that tadpole art is actually quite charming． In fact， adult abstract artists were often inspired by children"s drawing． Observers have found similar patterns in modem abstract art and kids" drawing．
              Acknowledging that young kids aren"t as eager to produce a realistic rendering （呈现）helps demonstrate what the drawing experience means to them． For many kids， drawing is enjoyable not because of the final product it leads to， but because they can live completely in the world of their drawing for a few minutes． Adults may find it hard to relate to this sort of full-body， short experience． But the opportunities for self-expression that drawing provides have important， even therapeutic， value for kids．
              Maureen Ingram， who"s a preschool teacher， said her students often tell different stories about a given piece of art depending on the day， perhaps because they weren"t sure what they intended to draw when they started the picture． "We as adults will often say， ‘I"m going to draw a horse，" and we set out…and get frustrated when we can"t do it，" Ingram said． "They seem to take a much more sensible approach， where they just draw， and then they realize， "it is a horse．"
              Ultimately，what may be most revealing about kids，art isn"t the art itself but what they say during the drawing process． Studies suggest that kids will create an elaborate narrative （详细的故事）while drawing，but when telling adults about their work they"ll simply name the items or characters in the image．
              And what about those odd or scary-looking drawings？ Does that mean kids are telling themselves stories that are odd or scary？ It"s hard to say，but it"s rarely a good idea to over-interpret it． Ellen Winner， a psychology professor at Boston College， pointed to parents who worry when their kid draws a child the same size as the adults， wondering whether she"s suffering from， say， a feeling of impotence -a desire to feel as powerful as older people． But the likely reason is that the child hasn"t yet learned how to differentiate size； the easiest solution is to just make all the figures the same size．
              What"s most important to remember is that "children"s art has its own logic，" Winner said． "Children are not being crazy．"
              Passage outline Supporting details
              Different angles of
              looking at kids"
              drawing              		 Parents might display kids" drawing at home as an (1) of love for their children．
              Adult abstract artists could draw (2) from kids" drawing．
              Real (3) of drawing
              experience to kids              		 Kids enjoy the (4) of drawing rather than the final product．
              Though kids" drawing experience is hard for adults to (5) ，it allows kids to express themselves．
              Typical characteristics of
              kids in drawing              		 kids just draw (6) and then they realize they have drawn something， not like adults who know what they intend to draw．
              Kids create stories while drawing， but can"t tell them (7)
              A professor"s opinions There is no (8) to over-interpret odd or scary-looking drawings．
              Kids are (9) to be less knowledgeable． For instance， they may have no idea about size．
              Conclusion Children"s art seems (10) on the surface， but it has its own logic．
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 7． Ants： master cooperators    Millions of ants live together in a colony， but they don't compete， get confused， or become disorganized． They behave in an amazing orderly manner at all times． Some scientists refer to ants as ‘super-organisms' because they live in such highly organized societies that work together to survive． The way ants live and work together has made them one of the most important creatures on the planet．
                  Ants， like bees， belong to a class of eusocial insects． Eusocial insects are broken into groups within their community， and each group has a special job to do depending on the needs of the community． There are three basic groups in an ant colony： queens， soldiers， and workers． Queens are the largest ants， and their only job is to reproduce-they lay all of the eggs that will eventually become soldiers and workers． Soldiers are responsible for protecting the colony and finding new places for nests． Worker ants have many jobs within the community， including caring for the eggs and young ants， hunting for food and maintaining the nest．
                  Some scientists are studying how ants can lead to a better understanding of labor issues， social class， and the use of nature resources in human communities． Ants have had millions of years of practice in working together to survive and grow． For a colony to function successfully， ants have to cooperate， from which people can learn a lot． Researchers hope that gathering information about how ants live together in communities can help people learn to cooperate and compromise with each other．
                  However， others argue that there are fundamental differences between ants and humans that mean human societies are unlikely ever to attain ant-like levels of collaboration． For example， ants in a colony don't compete with each other． When they are short of food in the colony， some worker ants automatically become ‘feeder' ants and feed others with the food in their stomach， regardless of their usual job． When the food supply is replenished， they become worker ants again．
                  In addition， ants are able to work together without a leader giving them directions． Despite their names， queen ants are not leaders． Instead， ants find out what they need to do from their sense of smell． Research on harvester ants pass each other， they pick up a chemical smell which tells them what the other ant is doing． The number of ants they pass doing a particular job determines what they need to do． It is a form of communication， but unlike human communication it has no content； it is just based on numbers．
                  While ants undoubtedly have a great deal to teach us about organization and the structure of networks， those searching for a greater understanding of human behaviour and morals may need to look somewhere．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 8． Have you ever kept your eyes groundward while otherwise presenting yourself well at a job interview？ People who do often wonder why they fail to get the job despite having made full preparations and taken into consideration every possible interview question． To a large degree， the problem is not about your verbal preparation but rather your body language at an interview， Preparing your body language for an interview is crucial （至关重要的），because it has various meanings in different cultures．
                  And how does the language of gestures vary between Chinese and Western society？ Instead of examining the theory， let's focus on handshake， the most practical gesture that easily escapes our attention． Patti Wood once said， "Most of the hiring decisions are made in the first 10 seconds of an interview．" The way you shake the interviewer's hand could create the first impression you make． A weak handshake implies lack of confidence． But is it wise to use a powerful handshake？ It depends． This would not be a problem if you were shaking hands with a Westerner as they appreciate a firm handshake． But for Asian people a gentler handshake is better， as an over-powerful grip might seem offensive．
                  Hand gestures are another major difference． Western prospective employers are likely to appreciate interviewees who use their hands expressively， and to assume that those who keep their hands hidden are either distrustful or lacking in confidence． The opposite applies in Asia． Be sure， therefore， to keep your hand gestures to a minimum at interviews with local companies in China．
                  There are， apart from these two differences， other elements of body language that could ruin your interview wherever you are． You should make eye contact with your interviewer． That doesn't mean you should glare directly into the interviewer's eyes． The best point of focus would be a little lower than the middle point． Secondly， you shouldn't touch your nose， lips or forehead． This tells the interviewer that you are either extremely nervous or lying． Lastly， never jiggle （抖动）your legs or fold your arms． Leg jiggling delivers clearly the message that you feel uneasy and want to escape as quickly as possible． Likewise， crossing your arms implies that you are either defensive or bored．
                 A research entitled "Non-Verbal Clues in Job Interviews" found that interviewers spotted a high connection between motivation， social skills and employment． Job seekers hence communicate their motivation and social skills through their body language． This crucial factor determines your fate in any job interview， which is why I cannot overemphasize （过分强调）the significance of body language and gestures． If you now recall your last failed interview， perhaps it is easier to understand why you didn't get the job．

              Don't let body language （1） ______ your job interview
              Introduction It is getting your body language well（2） ______ that matters in an interview．
              Major （3） ______  between Chinese and Western society Handshake， the most practical gesture， can easily be （4） ______ ．
              Westerners appreciate a firm handshake， which might（5） ______ Asian people．
              To westerners， expressive hand gestures show you are（6） ______ and confident．
              In China， you'd better （7） ______ your hand gestures．
              Other elements of body language Make（8） ______ eye contact with your interviewer．
              （9） ______ touching your nose， lips or forehead．
              Never jiggle your legs or fold your arms．
              Conclusion Your fate in any job interview（10） ______ on your body language．
              难度：中等
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            • 9． Attachment is not just a connection between two people； it"s a bond that involves a desire for regular contact with that person and the experience of distress（悲伤） during separation from that person．
              According to psychologist John Bowilby， there are four critical characteristics of attachment． The first is the desire to be near those with whom we share an attachment since we are happy while staying with them． Attachments also create a safe shelter， meaning that during times of distress， fear， or uncertainty， we may seek out the people we"re attached to for care and comfort． Next， attachment figures also offer a secure base for exploration． This is particularly important during childhood． This secure base allows kids to explore the world while they know they can still return to the safety of the attachment figure． Finally， we experience separation distress when parted from an attachment figure． For example， kids tend to become upset when parents have to leave them in the care of others．
              Attachment serves a number of important purposes． For instance， it helps keep babies and children close to their caregivers so that they can avoid potential dangers， which in turn helps boost their chances of survival． However， if a child doesn"t form a secure attachment to a caregiver， he or she will suffer from a number of problems including conduct disorder and oppositional -defiant （对立反抗的） disorder． Researchers also suggest that the type of attachment displayed early in life can have a lasting effect on later adult relationships．
              Psychologist Harry Harlow conducted an experiment on social isolation in monkeys． Baby monkeys were separated from their mothers and placed with surrogate mothers （代母）． One mother was simply a wire armature （电枢） that held a bottle， while the other mother was covered with a soft terry cloth material． Harlow found that the baby monkeys would receive food from the wire mother， but preferred to spend most of their time with the soft mother． When compared to monkeys that had been raised by their birth mothers， the monkeys raised by surrogate mothers were shyer and more nervous and suffered from social and emotional problems．
              All in all， developing secure and healthy attachments early in life is very important． Such attachments play a vital role in our future development．
              Attachment
              Introduction to attachment Attachment means that you feel so connected to someone else (1) that often want to contact him or her and you may feel distressed in the (2) of the person．
              Characteristics of attachment •We enjoy the (3) of those we"re attached to， so we always take any chance we get to be with them．
              •We may tum to attachment figures when experiencing negative emotions．
              •Attachment figures are always (4) and serve as powerful supporters when children (5) their surroundings．
              •Any (6) from an attachment figure is an invitation to distress．
              Importance of attachment •Attachment makes children seek (7) from their caregivers， thus enabling them to survive．
              • (8) to form a secure attachment with a caregiver leads to a series of problems in children．
              •Childhood attachment influences later adult relationships．
              An experiment In a study， with their early attachments (9) baby monkeys are likely to suffer mentally， (10) and emotionally．
              Conclusion We should form secure and healthy attachments while young， because they will have important impacts on our future development．
              难度：中等
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            • 10．
              Paper-cutting is a Chinese folk art (1) a long history． It (2) back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty． By the Southern Song Dynasty， paper-cutting had become an important part of everyday life．
              There are three (3) of paper cuts which people still make today． Paper cuts used for (4) are often seen on windows and gates． They are usually (5) up during holidays to bring good luck． They are also used on presents A present for parents whose child has (6) been born might show a paper cut of children， for example． Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double (7) are often used to celebrate weddings．
              Paper cuts used for religious purposes are often found in temples． They are also used (8) offerings to the dead People to whom the dead person was (9) would make these offerings on special days and during festivals．
              The third kind of paper cuts are those used to make (10) on clothing．
              难度：较易
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