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            • 1． What to write？This is a question asked by so many writers of children's literature．The children's literature market is a big market．Being a writer of children's literature，I did some research into the literary market for children，finding some trends．
              Children tend to like reading a series on their favorite characters．However，when trying to sell your book to an agent or a publisher，you should sell it as a stand-alone book．Focus your mind on the story that you've written instead of thinking about future unwritten stories．If the book is published and does well in the market，the publisher will be open to extending the story into a series．
              Over the years the picture book market has been slow．Small children，the prime"readers"of picture books，tend to not request their parents to purchase books for them．They cannot read for themselves and have to depend on others to read for them．To appeal to children with no reading skills，a writer should focus more on showing his/her story through vivid and colorful pictures．Also，writers must take into consideration the amount of time the average parent is willing to spend reading to their children．
              Many teens enjoy reading young adult novels based on what is known as dark concept stories．Dark concept books are stories with vampires（吸血鬼），demons（魔鬼），and other supernatural creatures．The villain（坏蛋），though，has some goodness and in a way is a victim．Also such characters share the same experiences that a typical 16-20-year-old has．They feel sad，get happy，fall in love，and even can be taken advantage of．
              When writing a children's book，keep in mind the trends in the market．Read published books，both the best sellers and poor sellers，using them as references．However，be careful not to imitate other writers'styles，not to use their characters，and not to use their plots．To become a popular writer，you should dig deep and work hard to make your story unique and interesting．

              难度：较易
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            • 2． Australia loves interesting money．In 1988，it was the first country to replace paper money with special plastic banknotes．Now it's introduced a new five-dollar bill so technologically advanced that many experts are calling it the money of the future!
              At first glance，the new note looks much like the old one．It has the same pink colour and main pictures on the front and back．But look closer，and you will notice a clear window running down the middle，surrounded by images of the yellow Prickly Moses，a type of Australian plant．
              Tilt（使倾斜） the note a little and you will see the Eastern Spinebill，an Australian bird，beating its wings as if trying to fly away．Turn the bill from side to side，and you will notice the picture of a small building at the bottom of the note spins，and the image of"5"changes position．While these moveable features are impressive and entertaining，that was not the reason Australian government officials spent ten years developing them．Their primary purpose was to make it impossible for criminals to produce their own fake notes．
              The new five-dollar note also has something to help blind people easily identify the money．It has s raised bump alongside the top and bottom，enabling blind people to quickly determine its value．
              The credit for persuading the Australian government to add this all-important bump goes to 15-year-old Connor McLeod．The blind Sydney teenager came up with the idea in 2014 after being unable to tell how much money he had received for Christmas．Connor says he was so embarrassed at not being able to see the difference between notes that he only carried coins to pay for food at not being able to see the difference between notes that he only carried coins to pay for food at the school cafeteria．To convince the government officials of his idea，Connor started a website that got huge public attention．
              The government will add this feature to the new 10 bill which comes out in late 2017，as well as the updated 20，50，and 100bills that are still being designed．

              难度：较易
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            • 3． Many people would love to leave their jobs behind and have a life-changing adventure overseas．They imagine lying under palm trees as the sun goes down．However，life overseas is not always easy，and many are not prepared for the shock of living in an alien culture．
              The honeymoon period
              At first，for those who actually decide to move abroad，life is an exciting adventure．They enjoy exploring their new surroundings，and life seems like an extended holiday．They don't mind trying the local cuisine and discovering the local culture．They can even afford to practice their foreign-language skills without fear of making mistakes．
              Trouble in paradise
              In many cases，when people consider moving to another country，they often fail to realize how different life will be．As time goes by，they become frustrated when language and cultural misunderstandings become a daily headache．In this stage，the visitors begin to withdraw from life in the host country and avoid spending time with local people in favor of mixing with others from their own cultural background．
              The road to recovery
              Gradually，most visitors realize they must accept the differences and not fight against them．This change encourages them to improve their language skills and slowly they manage to do the things they could easily do at home，such as opening a bank account．This new-found confidence enables them to see a side of life which very few tourists get to witness．
              Adjusting to life abroad can often be a real problem．The secret to overcoming it is to stop trying to change your host country：you will not succeed．If not，you risk losing your dream and having to return to the old life you wanted to leave behind．

              难度：较易
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            • 4．

              Women have jumped ahead of men for the first time in using the Internet to do their holiday shopping，according to a study published last week in the US．

                  For Years men have been more likely to shop on the Internet than women，but during the 2014 holiday season 58 percent of those making online purchases were women．

                  “It shows how mainstream the Internet is becoming”，said Lee Rainie，director of the Pew Internet and American Life Project group，which carried out the study．

                  Rainie said it was only a matter of time before women shoppers caught up with men．This is because women traditionally make decisions about spending．

                  Users were more likely to shop online to save time．Internet users between the ages of 18 and 29 were responsible for some of the most dramatic increases in the online gift-buying population this time around．

                  However，three-quarters of the US Internet users did not buy holiday gifts online in 2014．They worried about credit card security，or just compared online prices with off-line prices，then dashed off to the shops to get the best deals．

                  “But even if shoppers don't buy online，websites are becoming promotion tools for stores，”said Dan Hess，vice president of Comscore Networks Inc．Hess said that actually most stores' websites can make customers fully believe the security of their credit card numbers．And most are able to ensure that gifts arrive on time．

                  “It's all about making the shopping experience more efficient，more reliable and more comfortable．”Hess said．

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            • 5． Since 1984，Philadelphia has been cleaning up its act．One by one，graffiticovered walls are being changed into outdoor art．So far，more than 1，800murals （壁画） have been painted．Philadelphia now has more murals than any other American city．
              The walls that were once ugly with graffiti （涂鸦） are now covered with beautiful pictures of historical heroes and modern art，thanks to the Mural Arts Program （MAP）．Its work makes schools and public places attractive，and its citizens very proud．The program began as part of Philadelphia's AntiGraffiti Network．Jane Golden is the MAP's artistic director．"When people ask me what our program is about，"she says，"I answer them with one word：hope"．Each year，the MAP offers youth art programs and workshops．Some onetime graffiti writers even help paint MAP murals．
              The MAP's work，says Golden，is all about developing a sense of community （社区）．When a neighborhood requests a mural，the MAP works with the people there to develop a message．Some messages have been"Safe Streets"，"Love and Care"，and"Peace Walk"．
              The MAP receives up to 50requests for murals each week．Last year，the workers painted 140murals．
              "The making of a mural enters people's collective memory as an extraordinary，pleasant moment in neighborhood history．"says Golden，who began as a muralist in Los Angeles．
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            • 6． When people introduce themselves，I always hear them say"I'm just a housewife．"I don't understand why their introduction is always filled with regret and self-pity．Is it，really a crime to be a housewife？Is it really embarrassing when you choose not to work outside and instead choose to work in your home？
              How could you be"just a housewife"when the basic social unit of society depends on you and your service？A housewife works for the longest hour，supporting your husband，child studies，caring for elders，managing finances，paying bills，grocery shopping，cooking according to individual taste，cleaning，etc．A housewife could be anyone：daughter，wife，mother，teacher，financial advisor，fashion designer and nurse，gardener，driver，cook，and so on．Don't think you are not being paid for it．You get the reward that no money can offer----the love and affection of your family，their trust in you，a happy home and your own satisfaction．
              It is you who choose to be in this occupation，willingly or for any other reason．After a busy day，all wait to return to the comfortable home set by you．They know you will be there to absorb all their stress and tiredness and relax them．Would the life have been the same had you been working outside to earn some money？Would you along with your family have been able to buy all the content in life that you are enjoying now with that money？
              Respect yourself for what you are．Introduce yourself to the world with the same dignity．The world understands the importance of your job； it's time to make them accept it．Introduce yourself with pride and with twinkle in your eyes"I am a housewife"．Kick that"just"out．

              难度：较易
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            • 7．

              I have been watching my daughters play sports since theywere four, and have been shocked at how some parents in thecrowd behave.

              At soccer games, when my girls were very young, parentswould be screaming at their children to get their heads into thegame, to charge, to“get”an opposing player, or to“kill it.”Iunderstand parents want to encourage their children and theirteam—but at some point it becomes too much.

              My daughter Grace is a high school and AAU (Associationof American Universities) basketball player and a very good oneat that. During a recent game, a parent sitting near me wasshouting loudly to her daughter, standing up, expressingdispleasure about the way her team was playing and, duringhalftime, speaking loudly about her personal life. After having herin my ear for more than half of the game, I was so put off that Ihad to move.

              Admittedly, I am the quiet parent at games. I clap for theschoolgirls when they make wonderful plays. For the most part,however, I remain silent. Shouting out makes them nervous.

              I asked Grace to weigh in on this, and she tells me:“Someparents become extremely emotionally invested in sports games,which can become a problem for the players. The worst thing iswhen people point out that‘crazy parent,’and they donˈt knowthatˈs your parent.”

              I am all for parentspectators(观众) cheering on theirchildren and the rest of the team. But I hope you can cheer yourchildren on in a positive way. Shouting things like,“Whereˈsyour head?”“Goafter her!”is not, in my view, the way to cheer

              on high school students or younger children.

              If you have nothing positive to say, hold your tongue. If youfind yourself struggling to keep it together, get some fresh airduring halftime.

              难度：较易
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            • 8．

              Emoji(表情符号) are being adopted at a faster rate than any other "language" -- and eight in ten of us now use the colourful symbols to communicate.

              To plot this popularity, a linguistics professor has conducted the first "Emoji IQ" study looking at how the pictures are used and by whom.

              And she has created an online test to determine how well you know your "confused" face from your "angry" face to determine if you're an emoji master. The test contains 10 questions that ask users to identify the meaning of certain symbols, and how they would write sentences using emoji. At the end of the test they are given a percentage score rather than an IQ score as the test's name suggests —and the aim is to be an Emoji Master with a perfect score.

              According to the study, four in ten people send messages made up entirely of emoji and 18 to 25-year-olds find it easier to express emotions using the symbols. More than half of this group admitted emoji has improved their ability to communicate with others. But for the over 40s the language is lost in translation. More than half (54 per cent) admitted to being confused about what the symbols mean, while a third claimed to have avoided using emoji in text, instant messaging and apps because they lacked the confidence to use them appropriately.

              Talk Talk Mobile teamed up with Vyv Evans, linguistics professor at Bangor University to launch the study and improve understanding of emoji with the "Emoji IQ" tutorial.

              "Emoji is the fastest growing form of language ever based on its incredible adoption rate and speed of evolution," said Professor Evans. "As a visual language emoji has already far eclipsed (使黯然失色) hieroglyphics(象形文字), its ancient Egyptian precursor（先驱）which took centuries to develop."

              难度：较易
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            • 9． We've considered several ways of paying to cut inline：hiring line standers，buying tickets from scalpers （票贩子），or purchasing line cutting privileges directly from，say，an airline or an amusement park．Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue （waiting your turn） with the morals of the market （paying a price for faster service）．
              Markets and queues-paying and waiting-are two different ways of allocating things，and each is appropriate to different activities．The morals of the queue，"First come，first served，"have an egalitarian（平等主义的） appeal．They tell us to ignore privilege，power，and deep pockets．
              The principle seems right on play grounds and at bus stops．But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions．If I put my house up for sale，I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along，simply because it's the first．Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities，properly governed by different standards．
              Sometimes standards change，and it is unclear which principle should apply．Think of the recorded message you hear，played over and over，as you wait on hold when calling your bank："Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received．"This is essential for the morals of the queue．It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness．
              But don't take the recorded message too seriously．Today，some people's calls are answered faster than others．Call center technology enables companies to"score"incoming call sand to give faster service to those that come from rich places．You might call this telephonic queue jumping
              Of course，markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things．Some goods we distribute by merit，others by need，still others by chance．However，the tendency of markets to replace queues，and other non-market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore．It is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes we've considered-at airports and amusement parks，in call centers，doctors offices，and national parks-are recent developments，scarcely imaginable three decades ago．The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern，but these are not the only places that markets have entered．

              难度：较易
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            • 10． No one knows for sure when advertising first started．It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them．That led to the concept of specialization，which means that people would specialize，or focus，on doing one specific job．
              Let's take a man we'll call Mr．Fielder，for example．He did everything connected with farming．He planted seeds，tended the fields，and harvested and sold his crops．At the same time，he did many other jobs on the farm．However，he didn't make the bricks for his house，cut his trees into boards，make the plows （犁），or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs．Instead，he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things．
              Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr．Plowright．Using what he knew about farming and working with iron，Mr．Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier．Mr．Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows．Perhaps，he thought，other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows．
              How did Mr．Plowright let people know what he was doing？Why，he advertised，of course．First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers．That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door．It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr．Plowright and his really good plows．
              Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago．Even before most people could read，they understood such signs．Shopkeepers would carve into stone，clay，or wood symbols for the products they had for sale．
              A medium，in advertising talk，is the way you communicate your message．You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols．The second medium was audio，or sound，although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today．Originally，just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument，such as a bell，were used to get people's attention．
              A crier，in the historical sense，is not someone who weeps easily．It is someone，probably a man，with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city．In ancient Egypt，shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products．Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods．Perhaps the crier described the goods，explained where they came from，and praised their quality．His job was，in other words，not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today's world．（478words）

              难度：较易
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