知识点挑题 - 高中英语 - 优优班--学霸训练营

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1．
Scientists have been trying to make soft and friendly robots，like Disney's Baymax，for years．
And they have finally done it．
The"Octobot"is the world's first soft robot．It is not like the scary，metal robots in movies
like Star Wars or The Terminator．Instead，it is made of soft material，and looks just like an
octopus （章鱼）．
The Octobot is also the first soft robot that controls itself without batteries or wires，according
to its researchers at Harvard University in the US．
The hope is that one day，soft robots like this will help humans do difficult medical surgery
and save lives in emergencies like earthquakes and storms．
Scientists have been trying for years to make soft robots that are safe around humans，but this
is the first time it has happened．It means that humans won't be in danger of being hurt if the robot
accidentally touches you too hard．
The Octobot gets power from a chemical reaction．It pushes gas through the robot's body and
makes its legs dance．
They used a 3．D printer to create its silicone （硅酮） body．
"Humans ourselves，we're very soft and soft robots are made of materials that are safe for us
to interact with，"PhD student Ryan Truby，one of the Octobot researchers，said．
Barry Trimmer，the editor⁃in⁃chief of Soft Robotics，said that，"Soft robots and soft material
technologies are definitely needed if we expect them to help us in the home or in natural
environments．"
They may not all look like an octopus in the future，though．Scientists have studied jellyfish
and even cockroaches in their research so far．

(1) What is the Octobot？（不多于5 个单词） ______
(2) How will soft robots help humans？（不多于9 个单词） ______
(3) How does the Octobot get power？（不多于4 个单词） ______
(4) In what ways is the Octobot different from other robots？（不多于10 个单词） ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
2．
Whether it is"women and children first"or"every man for himself"in a shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink，researchers said recently．
When the Lusitania was torpedoed （用鱼雷袭击） by a German ship in 1915，it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts．
But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912，it took three hours to go down，allowing time for more civilized behavior to take control--and the majority of the survivors were women，children and people with young children．
Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a"rational"and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a"natural experiment"for testing the idea，because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender and wealth．
The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react，instincts may rule．When more time is available，social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social norms （社会规范）could come into play in a disaster，including an evolutionary urge to save the species，attachments that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．
The extent of altruism（利他主义）and how it occurs"is a very controversial issue，"said Anthony R．Mawson，a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant response was attachment behavior．
Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan，US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind，he said，and that means"people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value，namely the young and women in child-bearing years"．
Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster，noting that the Titanic's captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania's．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS）

(1) According to Benno Torgler，what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks？
______
(2) Besides social norms and leadership，what other factors play a part in disaster behavior？
______
(3) According to Daniel Kruger，Why do the young and women of child-bearing age take the priority to survive？
______
(4) What does the passage mainly tell us？
______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
3．
Want to attract and keep top talent？Here's a suggestion：Make a flexible work schedule part of the deal．
A survey this summer of 1，215 U．S．managers and employees across a variety of industries，by EY （formerly Ernst & Young），found those aged 18to 32rank flexibility among the perks （特殊待遇） they want most，with 33% saying they wouldn't work anywhere that didn't offer it．But it seems those aged 33to 48value flextime even more：38% of them consider it non-negotiable，with men who said so，at 40%，slightly outnumbering women （37%）．
"Companies first started offering flexible schedules，in the late 80s and the 90s，as a way to recruit （招募） and keep talented women，but it's gone way beyond that now，"observes Karyn Twaronite，an EY partner who came up through the tax side of the business．
Noting that both men and women，in all age groups，ranked flextime （弹性工作制） tops among non-cash perks，Twaronite adds，"That result mirrors exactly what we're seeing here at EY．"The accounting and consulting giant，No.57on Fortune's Best Companies to Work For，has had thousands of employees working flexible schedules for years-including，since 2004，six weeks'of paid leave for new dads．
"Flextime may have started out as a women's issue，but it's changed into something that people of both sexes have come to expect，"he adds．"I think it's partly because of the large number of two-career households now，where people have to adapt to two demanding professional schedules instead of just one．"
The EY survey suggests that，in the next decade or so，the opportunity for a life outside the office will become an even bigger draw than it already is．Most of those surveyed still work a set schedule，the report notes，but"respondents expect a shift in the coming years to more flexible hours，as 62% currently work standard office hours and only 50% expect to do so in five to ten years．"
That doesn't surprise Twaronite．"Work is changing，"she observes．"The technology to connect anywhere and anytime means that people are expected to be on call 24hours a day，especially in global companies that operate across different time zones．The other side of that is that employers are adapting to people's lives outside of work-because they have to be．"

（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
(1) What is the main finding of the survey？ ______
(2) Flextime was originally aimed at ______ ．
(3) The result of the survey is caused by the fact that ______ ．
(4) What makes flextime possible according to Twaronite？ ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
4．
Want More Innovation？Get More Diversity（多样性）
Research by my colleague and I suggests that university administrators who do not work hard to attract and retain African-American teaching staff may well be missing out on an important benefit：Academic departments that are more diverse may produce more creative ideas and work．
A mathematical model has been developed to study the effects of diversity．And we discovered a simple truth：More diverse groups may do better because they are less conformist（墨守成规的）．
Picture it：You're brainstorming with your best friend of 30years．You grew up in the same neighborhood，went to the same school，and stood up for each other at your weddings．When a crazy idea crosses your mind，you immediately see all the reasons why he may dismiss it．On the other hand，you know what ideas he is receptive to-so why not start with those？
Now suppose you're brainstorming with someone who grew up with a different perspective and who has very different experiences from you．Would you be more willing to share your crazy idea with her？After all，you have no clue what ideas she is open to-so why not try it out？
Something like this may be going on in the academic workplace．We often don't realize it，but we constantly think about how people around us will react to us．In itself，this is not a bad thing．If we didn't put ourselves into other people's shoes，we'd experience even more disagreements and misunderstandings than we already do．
But our research suggests that a little unpredictability may not be a bad thing．In fact，a little more unpredictability may be what we need to make us all a little less conformist and a little more open to trying new things．
Extensive data suggest that more diverse teams outperform homogeneous（同质的） teams when it is crucial to be innovative，which agrees with our mathematical model．
So if diverse groups outperform more homogeneous ones，why do university administrators not choose to hire more African-Americans？There are many possible reasons，but one is that people have a tendency to hire people like themselves．Interacting with people like ourselves allows us to stay within our comfort zones．It is certainly easier to find common ground with one's friend of 30years than with a stranger．Yet given the increasing emphasis on innovation and creativity in today's economy，it pays for universities to actively pursue a more racially and ethnically diverse teaching staff．So，stop hiring people who look like you．

（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
(1) Research by the writer and his colleague indicates that the more diverse academic apartments are， ______ ．
(2) According to the writer，showing ready comprehension of others'situation will contribute to ______ ．
(3) As is suggested in the research，what can make us more open to diversity？ ______
(4) Why is a university administrator more likely to hire people like him？ ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
5．
I'm a 34-year-old man，married，lived in a nice house，and have a successful career as an educational consultant．But my life was not always so great．I had a learning disability from an early age．I went to a special school where I got plenty of extra help．Still，I suffered the rest of my school days in public schools．
My life improved remarkably when I discovered art．The art world gave me a chance to express myself without words．I went to a workshop and gradually got good at making things with clay（黏土）．Here I learned my first important lesson：disabled as I was in language．I could still be smart and well express myself with clay．And my confidence came along．
I got my next lesson from rock climbing．It was a fun thing but I was scared from the start．I soon noticed it wasn't a talent thing； it was practice．So I did it more．After about five years of climbing，I found myself in Yosemite Valley on a big wall．I learned that if you fall in love with something and do it all the time，you will get better at it．
Later I decided to apply my previous experience to learning how to read and write．Every day I practiced reading and writing，which I used to avoid as much as possible．After two hard years，I was literate．
Having gone through the long process with art，rock climbing，and reading and writing，now I've got to a point in my life where I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown，hard，but interesting．

(1) What made the author's school days difficult？（No more than 5words） ______
(2) Why did art give the author confidence？（No more than 10words） ______
(3) What lesson did the author learn from rock climbing？（No more than 15words） ______
(4) What is the meaning of the underlined part in Paragraph 4？（No more than 5words） ______
(5) How does the author's story inspire you to overcome difficulties in life？Put it in your own words．（No more than 20words） ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
6．
[1]As a distinguished Indian painter and author，Aabid has written around 80books but no story so shocked him as the truth about water shortage on the planet，"A UN report says by 2025more than 40countries are expected to ______ ．That shortage of water will be the end of civilized life，"he said with great worry．
[2]One day back in 2007，he was sitting in a friend's house and noticed a leaky tap．It bothered him．A few days later，he came across a statistic in the newspaper：a tap that drips（滴落）once every second wastes a thousand litres of water in a month．T hat triggered an idea．He would take a plumber（水管工）from door to door and fix taps for free every weekend．
[3]He named his Non-governmental Organization‘Drop Dead'and created a slogan：save every drop…or drop dead．
[4]By the end of the first year，he had visited l，533homes and fixed around 400taps．Slowly，the news began to spread．Local newspapers began to write about Drop Dead，which caused a further flood of grateful emails and messages．Conservatively，it could be estimated that he has saved at least 5.5m litres of water till date．
[5]In the summer of 2014，the state where Aabid lives is expecting its worst drought in 40years．Months in advance，the govemment has prepareddrought-relief packages worth millions of dollars，but Aabid sees his own approach as simple and inexpensive．"Anyone can launch a water conservation project in his or her area．It doesn't require much funding．And most importantly，it puts the power back in our own hands，"he says．
(1) Fill in the blank in Paragraph l with proper words．（no more than 5words）．
______
(2) Why did Aabid take a plumber from door to door and fix taps？（no more than 6words）
______
(3) Explain the underlined sentence in aragraph 2in English．（no more than 6words）
______
(4) What is Paragraph 4mainly about？（no more than 10words）
______
(5) What does Aabid think of his water conservation approach？（no more than 4words）
______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
7．
[1]Adults are often astonished by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since．A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water．He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away．He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son．A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins"Twinkle，twinkle，little star"or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears．
[2]One explanation is the law of overlearning，which can be stated as follows：Once we have learned something，additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it．
[3]In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming，bicycle riding，and playing baseball long after we have learned them．We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as"Twinkle，twinkle，little star"and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks．We not only learn but overlearn．
[4]The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school，because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood．
[5]The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination，though it may ______ a passing grade，is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course．By cramming，a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination，but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned．A little overlearning，on the other hand，is really necessary for one's future development．
(1) What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？（no more than 10words）
______
(2) What is the law of overlearning？（no more than 18words）
______
(3) How does the author explain the law of overlearning？（no more than 5words）
______
(4) What does the underlined word"they"in Paragraph 4refer to？（no more than 3words）
______
(5) Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5with proper words．（no more than 3words）
______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
8．
The World Health Organization （WHO） has declared the spread of mosquito-born Zika virus a global public health emergency．On Monday，the global health agency held an emergency meeting in Geneva after warning the public that Zika is spreading"explosively"across the Americas．Dr．Margaret Chan，the director-general of the WHO，said after the meeting that the cases of microcephaly，which is a birth disease in which babies are born with very small heads and underdeveloped brains，in regions with Zika cases，"become an extraordinary event and a public health threat to other parts of the world．"
Last week，health officials confirmed one case of the virus in Denmark，five in Great Britain，three cases in the United States and 18in its territory of Puerto Rico．The global health organization also predicts that Zika could infect as many as four million people in the Americas this year．
The symptoms from the virus are minor．The symptoms are flu-like and include a rash （皮疹）．But the results for some infected with Zika--namely pregnant women--are destructive．The WHO suspects the virus may have something to do with brain disorders in babies．Health experts highly suspect there may be a link between the illness and microcephaly．However，a definite link between Zika and microcephaly has not been proven．
World Health Organization spokesman Gregory Hartl has this to say，"So，one of the curiosities is why we have so many neurological （神经学的） cases in the northeast of Brazil，but we have not had it in other places．So，we really need to understand what is existing that causes these microcephaly cases，for example，in children．"
Hartl does not agree with claims that the Zika virus could lead to a threat similar to that of Ebola （埃博拉病毒）．He says that Ebola is transmitted by contact with bodily fluids （体液） from person to person and kills about 50percent of its victims．"Zika has never killed a person and it is transmitted by the mosquito．So，we know that there are those two basic differences at least．Let us say that Zika on its own would not be the consideration of an emergency committee．What is the concern to the international community is the possible link with neurological disorders．"

（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）
(1) The cases of microcephaly are generally seen in the places ______ ．
(2) Who should pay special attention to the infection of the virus to avoid its terrible result？ ______
(3) What puzzles the health experts about the cases of microcephaly？ ______
(4) What causes the global concern is that the mosquito-born Zika virus may ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
9．
When we were growing up in our grandparents'home，Jack，my grandfather，was always in his room sitting in the chair and listening to the radio．The voices speaking from the metal box day and night，taught us that there was a larger world outside．He would roll the black dial （刻度盘） back and forth until the signal was clear．Then he would listen．
Now he is old and falls ill．When I went to visit him，he said to me，"I dislike the Internet．The problem is that we're losing primary contact with each other．No more shaking hands．Everyone is so busy．We want too much and in the process of getting it we miss so much．"He stopped for a while．"It makes me lonely and sad．"Then he looked at me，"I just want to hear your voices．"
I think of all the voices on the radio he has spent a lifetime listening to．I asked，"How did you become interested in radio？""I don't know，"he said．"It was another way to reach people．I was always interested in searching for a better signal，a clearer，more powerful signal that could communicate with someone somewhere．"
"And I'll tell you another funny thing：you can electronically eliminate all kinds of noise from the signal，but you can't remove natural noise caused by thunder and lightning，rainstorms，or snowstorms．"
He closed his eyes and smiled．"I was just thinking that in spite of all our technologies，maybe we haven't progressed that far as human beings．We shouldn't forget we still have the same basic needs．"

(1) What did Jack use to do in his room？（No more than 15words）
______
(2) Why did Jack roll the black dial back and forth？（No more than 5words）
______
(3) How is Jack feeling now？（No more than 10words）
______
(4) What does the underlined word"eliminate"in Paragraph 4mean？（1words）
______
(5) What should you do to solve the problem of losing direct contact with others？
（No more than 20words）
______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮
10．
Most families in Beijing love to gather in front of TV sets after dinner．But Gao Ning，husband of Huang Xiaoying，and his parents have better things to do．They clean the dishes，laze around （休闲） a bit，change into track suits，put on their sports shoes and leave home．
The 32-year-old man and his wife sweat it out on treadmills（跑步机），go through the severe conditions of a group exercise session or do some stretching exercises under the guidance of personal trainers．And his parents join a group of retired people，most of them in their 60s，in a nearby community park to dance to the rhythms of traditional music．They use the intervals to chat with other members of the group，sharing their joys and pains．
The Gaos represent a growing number of Beijing families that sweat by exercise，especially because of the Beijing Olympics'public fitness drive．Gone are the days when many people considered physical labor as the only way of exercise．More and more middle-aged and elderly people have realized the importance of regular exercise．
"Most of the people who join us for the group dancing sessions suffer from chronic（慢性的） diseases that need a certain amount of exercise as treatment，"said Gao Ning's mother Gao Xiaohua，"It's a place for us to kill time，too．"
"Paying 1，000yuan （﹩146）a year as club fees is a waste of money，"said Gao Xiaohua．"Besides，we don't need that tough exercise routine．"
Gao Ning said："I feel relaxed and sort of reborn after a work-out．Without it my days are gloomy and I feel tired．"
Gao Ning and Huang Xiaoying make about﹩30，000a year，and pay﹩200each annually for their gym membership to get personal trainers for an hour a day．
"It's money well spent，"Huang said．"After you get all the necessities，money，job and a house，you realize how important health is．Without health，nothing is meaningful．"

(1) How old are most of the people who dance to the rhythms of traditional music in a nearby community park？（No more than 3words．） ______
(2) Why do the people like to join the group dancing sessions？（No more than 10words．） ______
(3) What is the main idea of this passage？（No more than 5words．） ______
(4) What does the underlined phrase"a work-out"in Paragraph 6refer to？（No more than 8words．） ______
(5) In terms of this kind of regular exercise，are you for or against？Please give your reasons．（No more than 20words．） ______ ．

难度：较易

解析收藏试题篮

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