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            • 1． One of the primaryh problems of being a human being is ：Try as you might to come across in a certain way to others， people often perceive（感知、理解） you in an altogether different way．
                  One person may think， for example， that by offering help to a colleague， she is coming across as generous． But her colleaguemay interpret her offer as a lack of faith in his abilities． Just as he misunderstands her， she misunderstands him： She offered him help because she thought he was overworked and stressed． He has， after all， been showing up early to work and going home late every day． But that' s not why he's keeping strange hours； he just works best when the office is less crowded．
                  These kinds of misunderstandings lead to conflict and resentment（怨恨） not just at work， but at home too． How many fights between couples have started with one person misinterpreting what another says and oes？ He stares at his plate at dinner while she's telling a story and she assumes he doesn't care about what she's saying， when really he is admiring the beautiful meal she made．
                  Most of the time， Halvorson says， people don't realize they are not coming across the way they think they are． "If I ask you，" Halvorson told me， "about how you see yourself----what traits（特点） you would say describe you --- and I ask someone who knows you well to list your traits， there's a big gap between how other people see us and how we see ourselves．"
                  This gap arises from some quirks（习惯） of human psychology． Most people suffer from what psychologists call "the transparency illusion"---- the belief that what they feel， desire， and intend is crystal clear to others， even though they have done very little to communicate clearly what is going on inside their minds．
                  Because the perceived assume they are transparent， they might not spend the time or effort to be as clear and forthcoming about their intentions or emotional states as they could be， giving the perceiver very little information with which to make an accurate judgment． The perceiver， meanwhile， is dealing with two powerful psychological forces that are warping（歪曲） his ability to read others accurately．
                  Chances are that you "I'm kind of hurt by what you just said" face probably looks an awful lot like your "I'm not at all hurt by what you just said" face． And the majority of times that you've said to yourself， "I made my intentions clear，" or "He knows what I meant，" you didn't and he doesn't．
              Passage outline Supporting details
              A primary problem People's understanding of your behavior often （1） ______   your original intention．
              Typical（2） ______  ◆A colleague may feel you don't （3） ______   him to work well when you offer generous help．
              ◆You think your colleague overworks， but he believes he can be more （4） ______   when left alone at office after work．
              ◆A wife may feel angry about her husband being absent-minded while she is telling a story at dinner， but actually his （5） ______  is on what she has cooked．
              （6） ______  of the problem ◆ Most of the time， people don't realize the problem．
              ◆ Your （7） ______   of your traits is quite different from how others see you．
              ◆ Most people believe others know them well， so they tend to ignore the clear （8） ______   of what is going on inside their minds．
              ◆ Without enough information about the perceived， the perceiver often （9） ______    to make an accurate judgment．
              Conclusion ◆ It is likely that there is a （10） ______   between what you think you are and what others think you are．
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 2． ______
              in point ● Rumi， an emoii （5） ______ like a panda， has been downloaded by over
              a quarter of China's entire population．
              ● Zhang Xuchen created emojis part lime but earned a good income because customers（6） ______ him．
              ● The president of StarMoly， which （7） ______ Rumi， recognizes emojis as a promising IP． Problems with emojis ● Emojis are very likely to be pirated because the （8） ______ A of them are in digital forms．
              ● There is a（n） （9） ______ of effective supervision because it's a band-new industry． Solution Related rules and regulations are needed to protect the IP rights of both creators and companies， and education should （10） ______ closely．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 3． Decoding the young brain There was a funny experiment to see how a young child would answer a specific question compared to an adult．After the adult had spent some time speaking with the child， he asked the child， "What do you think about me？" The child answered， "You talk too much．" When the adult performed the same experiment with another adult， the reply to the same question was， "I think you"re a very interesting person．" Even if the adult felt the same way as the child， his brain allowed him to take a moment，consider the question， and come up with an answer． He could have been annoyed， but his answer didn"t reflect it because he was being polite．
              The secret lies in the science of the developing brain．The child"s honest answer was reflected in the fact that his brain wasn"t equipped to filter（过滤） information before answering the question．As a result， he was honest， but he said something that may have been hurtful．However， the child did not intentionally hurt the adult； it"s just the way his brain works．As a child grows into adolescence and then into adulthood， that changes．
              The human brain is made up of billions of neurons（神经元）． In order for our body to execute a command， like getting up from a chair and walking to the other room， the neurons in the brain have to communicate with each other． They also help us employ our senses like taste and touch and help us remember things．
              When the neurons send messages， perhaps one sensation（感觉） the person feels is excitement about eating a cookie because it is so delicious． Later， if that person smells a cookie or hears someone talking about a cookie， it can spark the electrical signals that call up the memory of eating the delicious cookie． In an adult， he or she may remember that eating too many cookies can have consequences， like weight gain．But because the younger brain is more impulsive（冲动的）， the desire to feel the pleasure of the sweet treat outweighs the consequences．
              That is because when a child is young， his brain is "wired" in such a way that he seeks pleasure and is more willing to take risks than an adult．This affects his decisionmaking process and it is why younger people tend to be more impulsive． Sometimes parents have to tell their children over and over again before the child remembers that something is dangerous or risky． How many times have we heard a parent say， "I tell her this all the time， but she never listens！"
              To conclude， what we know about the young brain is that children are more likely than adults to be impulsive．It isn"t always necessarily because they are being naughty； it may very well be because of their brains． So the next time you ask a child what he really thinks of you， be prepared for any kind of answer．
              Decoding the young brain
              An experiment on a young child A young child answered the question (1) the top of his head while an adult paused， and (2) twice before he found an answer．
              Causes of the (3) reflected
              in the experiment              		 The developing brain of the young child contributed to his honest answer．
              ◆He was more likely to hurt or offend others (4) he didn"t intend to do so．
              ◆It"s just the way his brain works and with him growing up， that changes．
              Billions of neurons (5) up the human brain have their own mechanism for functioning．
              ◆The neurons have to communicate with each other， helping us employ our senses and remember things．
              ◆A person may (6) the smell of a cookie with the memory of eating it．
              ◆A younger brain is more impulsive compared with an adult"s．
              A young child"s having a natural (7) to seek pleasure and take risks results from his young brain．
              ◆This affects his decisionmaking process and it is why younger people act in an impulsive way．
              ◆Warned many times before， a young child will still try something (8) or risky．
              A conclusion drawn from the experiment An adult"s ability to control his impulses is much (9) and a young child is not (10) being naughty when they make hurtful or offensive answers．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 4． Life can be overwhelming （令人不知所措的）．We want to do as much as we can， see the world， learn new things - and it can all get a bit too much． Sometimes we reach a point when we feel that we can no longer be interested in everything． We have to shut some of life out， and we don't like that． We are living under the false assumption that to know anything worthwhile takes years of study， so we might as well forget it．
                  But sometimes inside us rebels． We still want to learn new things and make new things． They don't have to be big things． Coping with too big a challenge can be daunting （令人怯步的）．The secret is to be a "micromaster" by perfecting lots and lots of small things - for a big payoff．
                  A micromastery is a self-contained unit of doing， complete in itself， but connected to a greater field． You can perfect that single thing and move on to bigger things． A micromastery is the way we learn as kids． You never absorb all the fundamentals straight away 一 you learn one cool thing， then another． Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has written about "flow" 一 a state in which time seems to be suspended because our involvement in what we're doing is so great． A micromastery，because it is repeatable without being repetitious， has all the elements that allow us to enter a flow state， which produces great contentment．
                  As we get older our default setting （默认设置）becomes "off" not "on"． We stop getting interested in new things because we haven't got enough time or energy． This is an excuse but who can blame us when we hear we need 10，000 hours to "master" something． Micromastery slices through all the excuses． You start with something so small and easy that it doesn't impact on your life except positively．
                  We envy the person who has a perfect French accent， who can roll kayak， or compose a poem that isn't laughable， who can lay a brick wall that doesn't fall down． These are regarded as hard things to learn which mean a greater mastery of the filed concerned． But with micromastery you can start with the test piece and then - and only then - do you go back upstream to learn anything more about the new world．
                  Seeing the world in terms of micromasteries makes anything seem possible． Fancy bookbinding？ Yoga？ Tap dancing or tank driving？ All have their micromasteries． It's very liberating - you no longer have to feel trapped in your day job． You will start， in a small way， to get your life back from the idea that the world seems to push on us that we should do just one thing all our lives．

              An annoying situation              		 We are too（1） ______ to accomplish everything we are interested in and sometimes we have to make a trade-off．
              ♦We take it for granted that anything worthwhile doesn't have an （2） ______ payoff， so we might as well forget it．
              A practical approach ♦ Instead of accomplishing big things， the secret is to be a micromaster by starting（3） ______ ．
              Facts about a micromastery ♦It is connected to a greater field． We can（4） ______ upon small successes to achieve greatness．
              ♦It enables us to have a good command of important things in a （5） ______ way．
              ♦It can help enter a flow state when we are （6） ______ in what we are doing．
              ♦For the adults who lack time and energy to try new things， it can have a （7） ______ impact on their lives．
              ♦Instead of envying the achievers， we can （8） ______ the unknown world by starting with the test piece．
              Conclusion ♦A micromastery can help us to liberate our minds and （9）
              ______ our boundaries．♦For a satisfied life， be a （10） ______ of small things．
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 5． Anyone who's ever made room for a big milestone of adult life----a job， a marriage， a move----has likely shoved a friendship to the side． After all， there is no contract locking us to the other person， as in marriage， and there are no blood bonds， as in family． We choose our friends， and our friends choose us． That's a really distinctive attribute of friendships．
                  But modern life can become so busy that people forget to keep choosing each other． That's when friendships fade， and there's reason to believe it's happening more than ever． Loneliness is on the rise， and feeling lonely has been found to increase a person's risk of dying early by 26%----and to be even worse for the body than obesity and air pollution． Loneliness damages health in many ways， particularly because it removes the safety net of social support． "When we perceive our world as threatening， that can be associated with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure．"
                  The solution is simple： friendship． It helps protect the brain and body from stress， anxiety and depression． "Being around trusted others， in essence， signals safety and security，" says Holt-Lunstad． A study last year found that friendships are especially beneficial later in life． Having supportive friends in old age is a stronger predictor of well-being than family ties ----suggesting that the friends you pick may be at least as important as the family you're born into．
                  Easy as the fix may sound， it can be difficult to keep and make friends as an adult． But research suggests that you only need between four and five close pals． If you've ever had a good one， you know hat you're looking for． "The expectations of friends， once you have a mature understanding of friendship， don't really change across the life course，" Rawlins says． "People want their close friends to be someone they can talk to and someone they can depend upon．"
                  If you're trying to fill a dried-up friendship pool， start by looking inward． Think back to how you met some of your very favorite friends． Volunteering on a political campaign or in a favorite spin class？ Playing in a band？ "Friendships are always about something，" says Rawlins． Common passions help people bond at a personal level， and they bridge people of different ages and life experiences．
                  Whatever you're into， someone else is too． Let your passion guide you toward people． Volunteer， for example， take a new course or join a committee at your community centers． If you like yoga， start going to classes regularly． Fellow dog lovers tend to gather at dog runs． Using apps and social media----like Facebook to find a local book club----is also a good way to find easy-going folks．
                  Once you meet a potential future friend， then comes the scary part： inviting them to do something． "You do have to put yourself out there，" says Janice McCabe， associate professor of sociology at Dartmouth College and a friendship researcher． "There's a chance that the person will say no． But there's also the chance they'll say yes， and something really great could happen．"
                  The process takes time， and you may experience false starts． Not everyone will want to put in the effort necessary to be a good friend．
                  It's never too late to start being a better pal． The work you put into friendships----both new and old --- will be well worth it for your health and happiness．
              Outline Supporting details
              Problems ●Making friends （1） ______  people of negative feelings， especially benefiting the old． However， quick-paced life robs people of the time to maintain friendship and leads to more occurrences of （2） ______ ．
              ●（3） ______  from society makes people mentally and physically unhealthy．
              Solutions ●Be （4） ______  with what you expect of your friends： they should be good listeners and （5） ______ ．
              ●（6） ______  on how you built up good friendship．
              ●Follow your heart and make friends with those people with （7） ______  interests
              ●（8） ______  yourself to win a friend by inviting him to do something， not fearing to be （9） ______ ．
              Conclusion The more （10） ______  you are to making friends， the healthier and happier you will be．
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 6． Educating girls quite possibly harvests a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world． Women's education may be an unusual economical field， but increasing women's contribution to development is actually as much an economic issue as a social one． And economics， with its focus on encouragement， provides an explanation for why so many girls are rid of an education．
                  Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family： girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children． Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy（观念）becomes self-fulfilling， trapping women in a vicious（恶性的）circle of neglect．
                  An educated mother， on the other hand， has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices． She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children， ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance． The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls， as well as of boys， will be educated and healthy． The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle．
                  Few will argue that educating women has great social benefits． But it has enormous economic advantages as well． Most obviously， there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers． Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling． Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments， but they are just the beginning． Educating women also has a significant effect on health practices， including family planning．
              The Significance of Female （1）______in Developing Countries
              Topic Though considered as a social issue， women's education is also linked to a developing country's （2） ______ ．
              Supporting Details A vicious circle With little （3） ______ of their daughters' contribution to their family， parents are unwilling to invest in them．
              Girls can't go to school， （4） ______ up as uneducated mothers after their marriages， whose daughters are likely to follow in their （5） ______ ．
              A virtuous circle With fewer but healthier children， an educated mother is a good （6） ______ of her children's development．
              As a result， her daughters receive good education． So will the next（7） ______ of girls．
              （8） ______ educated females have over uneducated ones They have （9） ______ to more job opportunities and can earn more money．
              They will enjoy more health practices， including family planning．
              Conclusion Educating girls in developing countries is important and rewarding， so it is （10） ______ of being invested．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 7． Supporters （5） ______ it can cure autism， cancer， AIDS and hepatitis． 1． Feeling uncomfortable．
              2． Posing a （6） ______ to life． Chelation therapies： normally a （7） ______ for lead or iron poisoning． 1． Dehydration．
              2． Kidneys（8） ______ to function normally．
              3． Death． Hyperbaric oxygen therapy： （9） ______ in pure oxygen in a pressurized room or tube． 1． Seizures．
              2． Lungs fail to（10） ______ ．
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
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