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            • 1． British MPs （国会议员） have voted in favour of the creation of babies with DNA from two women and one man，in a historic move．The UK is now set to become the first country to introduce laws to allow the creation of babies from three people．In a free vote in the Commons，382MPs were in favour and 128against the technique that stops genetic diseases being passed from mother to child．During the debate，ministers said the technique was"light at the end of a dark tunnel"for families．
              A further vote is required in the House of Lords．If everything goes ahead then the first such baby could be born next year．Supporters said it was"good news for progressive medicine"but critics say they will continue to fight against the technique that they say raises too many ethical （伦理的） and safety concerns．Estimates suggest 150three-person babies could be born each year．
              Prime Minister David Cameron said："We're not playing god here； we're just making sure that two parents who want a healthy baby can have one．"The method，which was developed in Newcastle，should help women like Sharon Bernadi，from Sunderland，who lost all seven of her children to mitochondrial （线粒体的） disease．Ms Bernadi said she was"overwhelmed"by the decision．
              Mitochondria are the tiny compartments （隔间） inside nearly every cell of the body that transform food into useable energy．They have their own DNA，which does not affect characteristics such as appearance． Defective mitochondria are passed down only from the mother．They can lead to brain damage，muscle wasting，heart failure and blindness．The technique uses a modified version to combine the DNA of the two parents with the healthy mitochondria of a donor woman．It results in babies with 0.1% of their DNA from the second woman and is a permanent change that would be passed down through the generations．

              25．According to the passage，which of the following statements is NOT true？    
              A．The new technique is intended to provide the parents a healthy baby．
              B．The mitochondrial disease can lead to various fatal illnesses．
              C．Britain is the first country to have created three-person babies．
              D．All of Ms Bernadi's children died of a genetic disease．
              26．The underlined word"defective"is closest to the meaning of    ．
              A．strangely-made                     
              B．normally developed
              C．functioning perfectly                
              D．not functioning properly
              27．It can be inferred from the passage that    ．
              A．Mitochondria are inside nearly every cell that change food into useable energy
              B．DNA of Mitochondria can affect a person's appearance
              C．in medical science ethical factors should be taken into consideration
              D．the donor woman's DNA will not be found in the three-person baby
              28．Prime Minister David Cameron     the creation of such babies．
              A．is in favour of     
              B．throws doubt on     
              C．objects to    
              D．is indifferent to．
              难度：中等
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            • 2． Tourists visiting Brazil for the World Cup are advised to pack a bathing suit, sunscreen, and a whole lot of cash. Home to some of the world’s most expensive restaurants and hotels, and with some prices rising more as the opening match approaches,Brazil will shock those visitors whose idea of a tropical paradise is paying $1 for a beachside beer.
                   Instead, Brazil is often the land of the $10 caipirinha, a local drink, the $100 risotto（意大利炖饭）and the $1,000-a-night hotel room, prices fueled by many of the same imbalances and government policies that have restrained economic growth in recent years. Even by European and U.S. standards, such prices for basic items are often staggering.
                   In Sao Paulo, a bustling business hub that is surrounded by some of the country’s largest coffee farms, a coffee often costs twice as much as in Lisbon, says Paulo Duarte, a pharmaceutical consultant who splits time between both cities. “It’s absurd,”Duarte said. “We’re talking about one
              country that produces coffee and another that imports it.”
                   High prices are nothing new inBrazil. The country has a long history of economic instability and runaway inflation (通货膨胀), which topped 2,400 percent a year as recently as 1993. Inflation these days is much more manageable, running at about 6 percent a year, though that is still high by international standards.Sao Paulo, for example, is the most expensive city in theAmericasand the 19th most expensive in the world, ahead ofNew YorkandLondon, according to a recent survey by the Mercer consulting firm.Riois among the world’s 30 most expensive cities.
                   One reason prices are so steep is that the cost of doing business is so high, thanks to a mix of taxes, import tariffs (关税), bureaucracy and poor infrastructure that can make Brazil a difficult place to operate. Economists have a name for that: “Custo Brasil,” or “Brazil Cost.” It can make goods manufactured 30 percent more expensive than those produced abroad, according to a study by the industry federation ofRio de Janeiro.
                   Even for tourists with some money to burn, creative solutions are often called for. Dimitar Bogdanov and Simeon Vassilev, a Hungarian couple who visited Rio de Janeiro for the first time early this year, paid $100 for a risotto at one of the city’s chic (别致的) restaurants. But they decided to change their big night plans, and managed to spend “only” $30 at a per-kilo buffet place where you pay by the weight of your serving. “Some things are way overpriced but some others are cheap compared to Europe,” Bogdanov said, recommending that tourists spend on Brazil’s famous rubber flip-flops, which can retail for $24 overseas but cost as little as $8 here.
                   Sometimes, though, there’s no getting around the problem, especially when it comes to the World Cup. The average hotel cost for the night of the final on July 13 inRiois 816 reais ($371), according to Trivago, a website that compares prices on over 190 booking websites. One two-star bed and breakfast in Copacabana is charging 2,000 reais ($909) for a small, poorly furnished room for that one night. By comparison, an 80-minute flight between New York and Washington under the same conditions costs as little as $167.
              难度：难
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            • 3． We sometimes think global warming or climate change is a problem very far away from our lives, and that only the government needs to worry about it. But it’s hardly possible to completely stay out of it – scientists are now 95 percent sure that humans have been the “ dominant cause” of global warming trends since the 1950s.
                  One of the conclusions of a report released on Sept 27 by the United Nations says that human activities have caused glo bal temperatures to rise by 0.890C between 1901 and 2012. That might not seem like a lot, but the truth is that a major part of that heat has been absorbed into the oceans, which is not surprising given that they cover two thirds of Earth’s surface. Also, water has a much greater capacity (容量) to absorb heat than the air does, according to The Economist.
                  While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to keep the Earth warm enough to support life, humans’ use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess (多余的) greenhouse gases. According to CNN, by driving cars, using electricity produced by burning coal and oil or heating our homes with coal or natural gas, we release a large amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
                  Your body can barely feel a difference of 0.890C, but the Earth’s ecosystems are so sensitive that even small changes can disturb them. It often starts with the smallest creatures at the bottom of the food chain, eventually affecting bigger animals, many of which could end up becoming extinct.
                  Global warming is also linked to an increase in extreme weather. A larger amount of carbon dioxide traps more energy inside the atmosphere. This changes the patterns of storms and rainfall in many regions and can lead to droughts and floods. Worse still, melting sea ice in warmer oceans is causing sea levels to rise at a speed of more than three millimeters per year, according to The Guardian, which also increases the risk of flooding.
                  “The report should serve as another wake-up call that our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come,” French Michel Jarraud, secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, said at a news conference.
              难度：难
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            • 4． With the videogame market flooded with more violent games, it can be a constant struggle for parents to monitor and limit their children’s video-gaming.
                 But a recent US Supreme Court decision doesn’t help parents. The ruling struck down California’s 2010 law that had prevented the sale or rental to those younger than 18 of violent games. The majority opinion said such limits went against First Amendment rights. So, parents, it’s up to you to fight against the influences of the＄18 billion video-gaming industry.
                 With so many video and computer games easily accessible, that monitoring role isn’t easy. It’s not just a matter of saying “no” to children, say psychologists. Some parents who shun government involvement in such matters welcomed the ruling, even while hating violent video games.
              “It’s a parent’s responsibility to teach them what they should watch and use,” said Ruth Forster, 45, Avon. Her daughter, Ellie, 13, doesn't like to play video games now, but Forster monitors her daughter’s movies and books. “Parents need to see how children react to a video and how it affects them,” she advised. “There are other video games out there you can help them to choose. Hopefully, if you instilled(灌输)enough good things  in them, they’ll do the right thing.” Parents need to be aware of the games their children are playing and how long they’re playing, and make sure the games are appropriate for their ages and personalities, she said.
                 It’s not hard to find reviews, ratings(分级) and details about games. Video-game ratings by the Entertainment Software Rating Board, give consumers an idea of the level of violence, sexual content and bad language. Videos with a rating of “M” for mature, for example, are said to be suitable for people 17 and older. But the system is voluntary, so younger children can buy or rent “M”-rated games. But it’s not enough to rely completely on the ratings.   
              难度：难
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            • 5． For thousands of years, mankind has produced plants and animals to create more desired and useful plants and animals. For example, modern com has been produced to such a large size that it is no longer able to reproduce without man's assistance. Modern dairy cows produce too much milk and if they are not often emptied of milk, they could leak, burst, become infected, and possibly die. Besides, most dogs raised by people can not survive in the wild even with special training.
                  Since natural evolution is extremely slow and mankind's selective production programs only take a few generations to produce a completely new species, natural evolution has already taken a back seat to mankind's production programs. In addition, mankind has successfully killed off several species all together. For example, there are no more European wolves in existence and mammoths (猛犸象) probably died out because of mankind. Even certain diseases have been permanently got rid of from the planet, and dozens of other diseases will soon be too. Again, natural evolution did i»t cause most of the destruction during man's rule of the world.
                  Currently, scientists are creating new species with desired characteristics in the lab significantly faster than natural evolution creates new species. In a single generation, new species can be created and destroyed by mankind, while natural evolution could take thousands of years to do the same but only accidentally. Scientists are even able to replace defective (有缺陷的) or damaged genes with different genes to attempt to cure genetic defects. This is something that natural evolution could possibly never correct.
                  Eventually scientists will even be able to improve the quality of people. For example, imagine not only correcting your eyesight with gene treatment, but also ensuring that all of your children do not receive your old genes of poor eyesight too. Scientists will one day be able to improve the memory and intelligence of your children, so that they will do better in school and achieve more in life. Doctors and scientists will be able to customize (订制) babies before they are born just like picking options at a car store.
              难度：难
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            • 6． Anne Frank's life was short and tragic. Yet her brave spirit has survived in her dairy. She wrote this diary while hiding from the Nazis during World War Ⅱ.
                    Anne's father prepared a hiding place for his family. He sealed off several rooms at the back of his office building, and covered the entrance with a movable bookcase. In July 1942, Anne, her mother and her father, her sister Margot, and four Jewish friends stepped behind the bookcase into the hidden rooms. The Frank family and their friends stayed shut away in secret for over two years. Brave friends risks their lives to bring them food. But constant fear and loss of freedom were hard to bear. For comfort, Anne started to write a diary. She was very good at expressing her thoughts and feelings in words.
                   Anne’s was 13 when she stared to write. Her diary shows that, just like other teenagers, she looked forward to adult life. She hoped to have career as a writer, and she longed to find love. She had a high ideal and wished "to be used or give pleasure to people around me." Throughout her time in hiding, Anne kept her faith in human nature. She wrote," In sprite of everything, I still believe that human beings are really good at heart."
                   In 1944, the Frank family's hiding place was given away to the Gestapo(German secret police). Anne was sent to the Bergen-Belsen prison camp in Germany. She died at the camp in 1945 at the age of 15.
                  Otto, Anne's father, was the only member of the Frank family to survive the war. He published her diary in 1947. Since then it has been published in more than 50 languages. Millions of people have visited the family's hiding place in Amsterdam. Anne Frank's story still inspires people to fight against all kinds of race discrimination(歧视).  
              难度：难
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            • 7． For the first time, researchers have discovered that some plants can kill insects in order to get additional nutrients. New research shows that they catch and kill small insects with their own sticky hairs near the roots and then absorb nutrients through their roots when the insects are killed and fall to the ground.
                  Professor Mark Chase, of Kew and Queen Mary, University of London, said, "The cultivated (改良的) tomatoes and potatoes still have the hairs, Tomatoes in particular are covered with these sticky hairs. They do trap small insects on a regular basis. They do kill insects."
                  The number of there carnivorous plants is thought to have came up to 50 percent and many of them have until now been wrongly regarded as among the most harmless plants. Among them are species of petunia (矮牵牛), some special tobacco plants and cabbages, some varieties of potatoes and tomatoes, etc. Researchers at Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, which carried out the study, now believe there are hundreds more killer plants than previously realized.
                  It is thought that the technique was developed in the wild to get necessary nutrients in poor quality soil ---- and even various plants grown in your vegetable garden still have the ability.
                  The researchers, publishing their finding in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, said, "We may be surrounded by many more murderous plants than we think." "We are accustomed to thinking of plants as being immobile and harmless, and there is something deeply frightening about the thought of meat-eating plants," they added.
              难度：较难
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            • 8． Bad teeth can be painful—and worse. They can even be deadly. Infections( 感染 ) of the gums( 牙龈 ) and teeth can release( 释放 ) bacteria into the blood system. Those bacteria can increase the chances of a heart attack or stroke( 中风 ) and worsen the effects of other diseases. And adults are not the only ones at risk.
                 For example, in 2007,a 12-year-old boy in Washington died when a tooth infection spread to his brain. Doctors said if he had received the dental care he needed, it might have been prevented.
                  Experts at the National Institutes of Health say good dental care starts at birth.  Breast milk, they say, is the best food for the healthy development of teeth. Breast milk can help slow bacterial growth and acid( 酸化的 )production in the mouth.
                  But dentists say a baby’s gums and early teeth should be cleaned after each feeding. Use a cloth with a little warm water. Do the same if a baby is fed with a bottle. Experts say if you decide to put your baby to sleep with a bottle, give only water.
                  When baby teeth begin to appear, you can clean them with a wet toothbrush. Dentists say it is important to find soft toothbrushes made especially for the babies and to use them very gently.
                  The use of fluoride( 氟化物 ) to protect the teeth is common in many parts of the world. For example, it is often added to drinking water supplies. The fluoride mixes with _enamel , the hard surface on teeth, to help prevent hole from forming.
                  But young children often swallow toothpaste ( 牙膏 ) when they brush. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry notes that swallowing fluorideated toothpaste can cause problems.
                  So young children should be carefully supervised ( 监管 ) when they brush their teeth. And only a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste, the size of a green pea, should be used.
                  Parents often wonder what effect thumb sucking might have on their baby’s teeth. Dental experts generally agree that this is fine early in life.
                  The American Academy of Family Physicians says most children stop sucking their thumb by the age of four. If it continues, the group advises parents to talk to their child’s dentist or doctor. It could affect the correct development of permanent teeth.
                  Dentists say children should have their first dental visit at last by the time they are one year old. They say babies should be examined when their first teeth appear—usually at around 6 months.  

              难度：较难
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            • 9． Do you dream of owning your own house? Canadian Kyle MacDonald, a 26-year-old from Vancouver who is a resident in Montreal, has just achieved it. MacDonald, who has spent much of his time since graduating from college backpacking round Europe and Asia and whose main income appears to come from working as a pizza-delivery man, decided last year that he wanted to settle down. However, when he checked the real estate market, he quickly realized that he had no chance of raising the depositon a home of his own.
                  So he came up with an inventive solution. Using the power of the Internet, he decided to try to barter(易货贸易) his way to a house. His starting offer? One red paper clip (回形针). Of course, he didn't expect someone to offer him a house for the paper clip, he simply wanted to trade it for something that was more valuable. 14 trades later, he is now the owner of a house in Kipling, Saskatchewan.
                  His first trade took place when two women from his hometown offered him a pen in the shape of a fish. MacDonald then traded the fish-pen for a doorknob, then the doorknob for a stove. Further transactions brought him an electricity generator and a ski-bob, a small vehicle on tracks that people use to ride across snow and ice. After nine trades, he had a recording contract at a music studio in Toronto.
                  But Kyle pressed on, still convinced that he would eventually get a house. After trades which brought him the opportunity to spend a day with rock star Alice Cooper and to have a small part in a Hollywood movie, he struck gold.
                  When words of Kyle's astonishing barter journey reached the people of Kipling, they decided to make their move. The population of the town is a little more than l,000, and falling fast. By offering the keys to an empty house on Main Street, Kipling hoped to bring much needed publicity—and residents—to the fading town. And they seem to have succeeded!
              难度：较难
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            • 10．                                                           "iPhone 5", the tallest thing to happen to iPhone since iPhone
                                                                                               
                We don't want to change your phone, we want to make you say, "Wow, that is a bigger change than I expected". "iPhone 5" is a result of that desire to surprise.
                  It's been completely redesigned. For the first time ever, we've increased the size of display (显示) by making the screen taller but not wider.
                  You can see more of your content without the need to scroll. We are making scrolling the thing of the past. It is more comfortable to use and reduces tiredness from scrolling when you read long documents.
                  Even with the larger display, it is the thinnest iPhone we ever built. To achieve the design this tall, we have to look at it and completely redesign the architecture inside. It's 18% thinner and 79.5% taller than the previous iPhone. It makes everything you do on "iPhone5" easier. No more hidden menus, no confusing gestures. Everything is right at your fingertips.
                  The panorama feature (全景拍照) is simply awesome. The ultra HD (超高清) widescreen display lets you get your entire shot in a single snap (快门). You can also use its creative design for picture stabilization.
                  With an iPhone this tall, reception of signals has never been better. And of course, all your favorite applications are still available. In fact you will find your old favorites also benefit from the new experiencing handsome ultra HD widescreen. We found while many previous iPhone owners were using Facetime, they only used it for the faces. That's why we are introducing Bodytime. With its ultra HD widescreen display, Bodytime lets you see a person's entire body.
                  It took all of our learning and all of our thinking to realize something so simple, so clear, and yet so tall.
                  And I wish your pocket were tall enough to hold such a perfect invention!
              难度：较难
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