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            • 1．

              Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

                  The possibility of self﹣driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream， years away from materializing in the real world． Well， the future is apparently now． The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self﹣driving cars on public roads． The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self﹣driving cars， and for companies to operate driverless taxi services． California， it should be noted， isn't leading the way here． Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country． It's hard to predict when  driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads． But however long it takes， the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities， for better or for worse， depending on how the transformation is regulated．

                  While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars（and rightfully so），policymakers also should be talking about how self﹣driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams， cut emissions（排放） and offer more convenient， affordable  mobility options． The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared．

                  Do we want to copy﹣ or even worsen﹣ the traffic of today with driverless cars？ Imagine a future where most adults own individual self﹣driving vehicles． They tolerate long， slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work， entertain themselves or sleep on the ride， which encourages urban spread． They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking． Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning， they send the self﹣driving minibus． The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport﹣﹣an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride﹣ hailing（叫车） services．

                  A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol﹣powered private cars worldwide with electric， self﹣driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure  （基础设施） and operations 40% by 2050． Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing． The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride﹣hailing services， considering the cost of self﹣driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues（责任与维护问题）．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology．

                  Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car﹣controlled transportation system we have today． The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，and more affordably． The car of the future is coming． We just have to plan for it．

              (1) According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can_____．

              A. help deal with transportation﹣related problems

              B. provide better services to customers

              C. cause damage to our environment

              D. make some people lose jobs

              (2) As for driverless cars，what is the author's major concern？_____

              A. Safety．

              		B. Side effects．

              C. Affordability．

              		D. Management．

              (3) What does the underlined word "fielded" in Paragraph 4 probably mean？_____

              A. Employed．

              		B. Replaced．

              		C. Shared．

              		D. Reduced．

              (4) What is the author's attitude to the future of self﹣driving cars？_____

              A. Doubtful．

              		B. Positive．

              C. Disapproving．

              		D. Sympathetic．

              难度：较难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 2．
              At my heaviest I weighed 370 pounds．I had a very poor relationship with food：I used it to (1) bad feelings，to make myself feel better，and to celebrate．Worried about my health，I tried many different kinds of (2) but nothing worked．I came to believe that I could do nothing about my (3) ．
              When I was 50，my weight problem began to affect me (4) ．I didn't want to live the rest of my life with this (5) weight any more．
              That year，I (6) a seminar where we were asked to create a project that would touch the world．A seminar leader shared her (7) story-she had not only 125 pounds，but also raised $25，000 for homeless children． (8) by her story，I created the As We Heal（痊愈），the World Heals (9) ．My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50，000 (10) a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger．This combination of healing myself and healing the world (11) me as the perfect solution．
              (12) I began my own personal weight program，I was filled with the fear that I would (13) the same difficulties that beat me before．While the (14) hung over my head，there were also signs that I was headed down the right (15) ．I sent letters to everyone I knew，telling them about my project．It worked perfectly．Donations began (16) in from hundreds of people．
              Of course，I also took some practical steps to lose weight．I consulted with a physician（内科医生），I hired a fitness coach，and I began to eat small and (17) meals．My fund-raising focus also gave me new motivation to exercise (18) ．
              A year later，I (19) my goal：I lost 150 pounds and raised $50，000!I feel that I've been given a second life to devote to something that is (20) and enormous．
              (1) A. add B. mix C. kill D. share
              (2) A. diets B. drinks C. fruits D. dishes
              (3) A. height B. ability C. wisdom D. weight
              (4) A. temporarily B. recently C. seriously D. secretly
              (5) A. ideal B. extra C. normal D. low
              (6) A. attended B. organized C. recommended D. mentioned
              (7) A. folk B. success C. adventure D. science
              (8) A. Surprised B. Amused C. Influenced D. Disturbed
              (9) A. project B. business C. system D. custom
              (10) A. in search of B. in need of
              C. in place of D. in support of
              (11) A. scared B. considered C. confused D. struck
              (12) A. As B. Until C. If D. Unless
              (13) A. get over B. run into C. look for D. put aside
              (14) A. excitment B. joy C. anger D. fear
              (15) A. row B. hall C. path D. street
              (16) A. breaking B. flooding C. jumping D. stepping
              (17) A. heavy B. full C. expense D. healthy
              (18) A. regularly B. limitlessly C. suddenly D. randomly
              (19) A. set B. reached C. missed D. dropped
              (20) A. stressful B. painful C. meaningful D. peaceful
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 3．
              Fifteen years ago，I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy．After climbing up a hill for a panoramic（全景的） view of the blue sea，white buildings and green olive trees，I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama．
              Unfortunately，just as I took out my camera，a woman approached from behind，and planted herself right in front of my view．Like me，this woman was here to stop，sigh and appreciate the view．
              Patient as I was，after about 15 minutes，my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take，I grew frustrated．Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape？Sure，I could have asked her，but something prevented me from doing so．She seemed so content in her observation．I didn't want to mess with that．
              Another 15minutes passed and I grew bored．The woman was still there．I decided to take the photo anyway．And now when I look at it，I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting．The landscape，beautiful on its own，somehow coms to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it．
              This photo，with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who"ruined"it，now hangs on a wall in my bedroom．What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured（捕捉） and frozen on some stranger's bedroom wall？A bedroom，after all，is a very private space，in which some woman I don't even know has been immortalized（使…永存）．In some ways，she lives in my house．
              Perhaps we all live in each others'space．Perhaps this is what photos are for：to remind us that we all appreciate beauty，that we all share a common desire for pleasure，for connection，for something that is greater than us．
              That photo is a reminder，a captured moment，an unspoken conversation between two women，separated only by a thin square of glass．

              (1) What happened when the author was about to take a photo？ ______
              A. Her camera stopped working．
              B. A woman blocked her view．
              C. Someone asked her to leave
              D. A friend approached from behind．
              (2) According to the author，the woman was probably ______ ．
              A. enjoying herself B. losing her patience
              C. waiting for the sunset D. thinking about her past
              (3) In the author's opinion，what makes the photo so alive？ ______
              A. The rich color of the landscape．
              B. The perfect positioning of the camera．
              C. The woman's existence in the photo．
              D. The soft sunlight that summer day．
              (4) The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand ______ ．
              A. the need to be close to nature
              B. the importance of private space
              C. the joy of the vacation in Italy
              D. the shared passion for beauty
              (5) The passage can be seen as the author's reflections upon ______ ．
              A. a particular life experience
              B. the pleasure of traveling
              C. the art of photography
              D. a lost friendship．
              难度：较易
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 4．
              I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting．But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，let's take a look at three types of"waits"．
              The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait．It is without doubt the most annoying of all．Take filling up the kitchen sink（洗碗池） as an example．There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full．During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks．This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless．
              A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait．This one requires a bit of discipline．Properly preparing packaged noodle soup required a Forced Wait．Directions are very specific．"Bring three cups of water to boil，add mix，simmer three minutes，remove from heat，let stand five minutes．"I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly．After all，Forced Waiting requires patience．
              Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait．This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary．Unlike the Forced Wait，which is also voluntary，waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen．
              Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope，and is strictly for the optimists among us．On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes，but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it．As long as one doesn't come to rely on it，wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody．
              We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting．The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky，don't be desperate．You're probably just as busy as the next guy．

              (1) While doing a Watched-Pot Wait，we tend to ______ ．
              A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded
              C. grow anxious D. stay focused
              (2) What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait？ ______
              A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control．
              B. The Forced Wait makes people passive．
              C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions．
              D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain．
              (3) What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait？ ______
              A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait．
              B. It doesn't always bring the desired result．
              C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait．
              D. It doesn't give people faith and hope．
              (4) What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting？ ______
              A. Take it seriously． B. Don't rely on others．
              C. Do something else． D. Don't lose heart．
              (5) The author supports his view by ______ ．
              A. exploring various causes of"waits"．
              B. describing detailed processes of"waits"．
              C. analyzing different categories of"waits"
              D. revealing frustrating consequences of"waits"
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 5．
              Measles（麻疹），which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more，was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine（疫苗）．But the disease is making a comeback，caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly．Already this year，115 measles cases have been reported in the USA，compared with 189 for all of last year．
              The numbers might sound small，but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend．When vaccination rates are very high，as they still are in the nation as a whole，everyone is protected．This is called"herd immunity"，which protects the people who get hurt easily，including those who can't be vaccinated for medical reasons，babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn't work．
              But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in．When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride，immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger．
              That's exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County，California，where 22 measles cases were reported this month，to Brooklyn，N．Y．，where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year．
              The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades，and it is driven by a real but very small risk．Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer．
              Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out（决定不参加） of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten．Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免），sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine．
              Now，several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out．But no one does enough to limit exemptions．
              Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons．But personal opinions？Not good enough．Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide，but they'll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks．

              (1) The first two paragraphs suggest that ______ ．
              A. a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trend
              B. the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention
              C. anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasons
              D. information about measles spreads quickly
              (2) Herd immunity works well when ______ ．
              A. exemptions are allowed
              B. several vaccines are used together
              C. the whole neighborhood is involved in
              D. new regulations are added to the state laws
              (3) What is the main reason for the comeback of measles？ ______
              A. The overuse of vaccine．
              B. The lack of medical care．
              C. The features of measles itself．
              D. The vaccine opt-outs of some people．
              (4) What is the purpose of the passage？ ______
              A. To introduce the idea of exemption．
              B. To discuss methods to cure measles．
              C. To stress the importance of vaccination．
              D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment．
              难度：较难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 6．
              Old Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.Old Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.FADFEROld Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.Old Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.Old Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.Old Problem，New Approaches


                    While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warning will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions（排放）peak. So even if emission were to begin decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.


                    When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that:”there is no ‘one-size fit all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.


                   Around the world,people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries，Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boatsthat server as floating libraries，scbools，and health clinics，and are equipment with solar panels and other communication facilities. Rezwan is creating floatingconnecticity（连体） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff people how to make floating gardens fish ponds prevent atarcation during the wet season.


              Aroundthe world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poorcountries, Fllods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunily where others saw only disaster. Hisnot-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floatinglibraries, schoods, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating conmetivity（连接） to replace flooded roadsand highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staffshow people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.


              Elsewherein Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountaionous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss ofglaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers,water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel’sinspiration come from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was notneeded. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timedirrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Nophel calculates that he has stored about 200, 000m3  of water. Climate change is acontinuing process, so Norhel’s ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.


              Increasing Earth’sreflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase ofgreenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trendlocally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating upquickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example shouldact as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities mayslow down the warming process.


              In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of ‘100 ideas tosave the planet”.


              More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping.But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case forbusiness as usual.


              Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adaptour energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.


              (1) The underlined partin Paragraph 2 implies       
              A. adaptation is an ever-changing process
              B. the cost of adaptation varies with time
              C. global warming affects adaptation forms
              D. adaptation to climate changeis challenging
              (2) What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?
              A. The project receives government support.
              B. Different organizations work with each other.
              C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
              D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
              (3) What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
              A. Storing ice for future use.
              B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.
              C. Changing the irrigation time.
              D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
              (4) What do we learn from the Peru example?
              A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.
              B. The global warming tread cannot be stopped.
              C. This country is heating up too quickly.
              D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
              (5) According to the author, polluting industries should     
              A. adapt to carbon pollution
              B. plant highly profitable crops
              C. leave carbon emission alone​
              D. fight against carbon pollution
              (6) What’s the author’spreferred solution to global warming?
              A. setting up a new standard.
              B. Readucing carbon emission.
              C. Adapting to climate change.​
              D. Monitoring polluting industries.
              难度：难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 7．
              Is there link between humans and climate change or not？This question was first studied in the early 1900s．Since then，many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference．In 1997，the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions（排放）from 2008 to 2012．Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020．More recently，the Paris Agreement，stuck by nearly 200 countries，also aims to limit global warming．But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions．

              (1) It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that __________．
              A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
              B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
              C. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
              D. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
              (2) If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement，what would happen by the year 2100？　　
              A. The human population would increase by one third.
              B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.
              C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
              D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.
              (3) If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive，the maximum temperature rise，since the start of the industrial age，should be _________．
              A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃ C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 8．

              Dear Alfred，

              I want to tell you how important your help is to my life．

              Growing up，I had people telling me I was too slow，though，with an IQ of 150 at 17，I’m anything but stupid．The fact was that I was found to have ADIID（注意力缺陷多动障碍）．Anxious all the time，I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time．

              However，when something did interest me，I could become absorbed．In high school，I became curious about the computer，and built my first website．Moreover，I completed the senior course of Computer Basics，plus five relevant pre﹣college courses．

              While I was exploring my curiosity，my disease got worse．I wanted to go to college after high school，but couldn’t．So，I was killing my time at home until June 2012when I discovered the online computer courses of your training center．

              Since then，I have taken courses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics．Currently，I’m learning your Probability course．I have hundreds of printer paper，covered in self﹣written notes from your video．This has given me a purpose．

              Last year，I spent all my time looking for a job where，without dealing with the public，I could work alone，but still have a team to talk to．Luckily，I discovered the job﹣Data Analyst﹣this month and have been going full steam ahead．I want to prove that I can teach myself a respectful profession，without going to college，and be just as good as，if not better than，my competitors．

              Thank you．You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart．For the first time，I feel good about myself because I’m doing something，not because someone told me I was doing good．I feel whole．

              This is why you’re saving my life．

              Yours，

              Tanis

              (1) 

              Why did’t Tanis go to college after high school？

              A. She had learned enough about computer science
              B. She had more difficulty keeping focused
              C. She preferred taking online courses
              D. She was too slow to learn
              (2) ​

              As for the working environment，Tains prefers 　　．

              A. working by herself
              B. dealing with the public
              C. competing against others
              D. staying with ADHD students
              (3) 

              Tanis wrote this letter in order to 　　．

              A. explain why she was interested in the computer
              B. share the ideas she had for her profession
              C. show how grateful she was to the center
              D. describe the courses she had taken so far
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 9．

              California Condor’s Shocking Recovery

              California condors are North America’s largest birds，with wind﹣length of up to 3 meters．In the 1980s，electrical lines and lead poisoning（铅中毒） nearly drove them to dying out．Now，electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds．

              In the late 1980s，the last few condors were taken from the wild，and there are now more than 150flying over California and nearby Arizona，Utah and Baja in Mexico．

              Electrical lines have been killing them off．“As they go in to rest for the night，they just don’t see the power lines，”says Bruce Ride out of San Diego Zoo．Their wings can bridge the gap between lines，resulting in electrocution（电死） if they touch two lines at once．

              So scientists have come up with a shocking idea．Tall poles，placed in large training areas，teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock．Before the training was introduced，66% of set﹣freed condors died of electrocution．This has now dropped to 18%．

              Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with．When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead，they absorb large quantities of lead．This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds，and can lead to kidney（肾） failures and death．So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，where they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days．This work is starting to pay off．The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011．

              Ride out’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years．“Although these measures are not effective forever，they are vital for now，”he says．“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them．”

              (1) 

              California condors attract researchers’ interest because they 　　．

              A. are active at night
              B. had to be bred in the wild
              C. are found on in California
              D. almost died out in the 1980s
              (2) 

              Researchers have found electrical lines are 　　．

              A. blocking condors’ journey home
              B. big killers of California condors
              C. rest places for condors at night
              D. used to keep condors away
              (3) 

              According to Paragraph 5，lead poisoning 　　．

              A. makes condors too nervous to fly
              B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys
              C. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors’ blood
              D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds
              (4) 

              The passage shows that 　　．

              A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
              B. Ride out’s research interest lies in electric engineering
              C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
              D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem
              难度：中等
              解析 收藏 试题篮
            • 10．

              A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep．But now a study has found it really does help people nod off﹣if it is milked from a cow at night．

              Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin（褪黑激素），which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety．

              The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night．

              Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food．

              Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer．

              While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night．

              Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax．

              Milk is also sugar﹣free and additive﹣free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening．The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night．

              (1) 

              According to the text，the mice fed with daytime milk 　　．

              A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious
              C. were less active D. woke up later
              (2) 

              Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text？

              A. It’s been tested on mice for ten times
              B. It can make people more energetic
              C. It exists in milk in great amount
              D. It’s used in sleeping drugs
              (3) 

              What can be a suitable title for the text？

              A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat，Sugar and Health
              C. An Experiment on Mice D. Milk Drinking and Health
              (4) 

              How does the author support the theme of the text？

              A. By giving examples
              B. By stating arguments
              C. By explaining statistical data
              D. By providing research results
              难度：较难
              解析 收藏 试题篮
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