知识点挑题 - 高中化学 - 优优班--学霸训练营

1．已知\(\rm{25℃}\)、\(\rm{101kPa}\)时，一些物质的燃烧热为：
化学式 \(\rm{CO(g)}\) \(\rm{H_{2}(g)}\) \(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l)}\)
\(\rm{\triangle H/(}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1})}\) \(\rm{-283.0}\) \(\rm{-285.8}\) \(\rm{-726.5}\)
请回答下列问题：
\(\rm{(1)}\)写出该条件下\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l)}\)完全燃烧的热化学方程式： ______ 。
\(\rm{(2)}\)根据盖斯定律完成反应的热化学方程式：\(\rm{CO(g)+2H_{2}(g)═CH_{3}OH(l)\triangle H=}\) ______ 。

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

2．

通过以下反应可获得新型能源二甲醚\(\rm{(CH_{3}OCH_{3} )}\)。下列说法不正确的是

\(\rm{①C(s) + H_{2}O(g)=CO(g) + H_{2} (g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH_{1} = a kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{②CO(g) + H_{2}O(g)=CO_{2}(g) + H_{2} (g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH_{2} = b kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{③CO_{2} (g) + 3H_{2} (g)=CH_{3}OH(g) + H_{2}O(g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH_{3} = c kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{④2CH_{3}OH(g)=CH_{3}OCH_{3} (g) + H_{2}O(g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH_{4} = d kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

A．反应\(\rm{①}\)、\(\rm{②}\)为反应\(\rm{③}\)提供原料气

B．反应\(\rm{③}\)也是\(\rm{CO_{2}}\)资源化利用的方法之一

C．反应\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(g)=\dfrac{1}{2}CH_{3}OCH_{3} (g) +\dfrac{1}{2}H_{2}O(l)}\)的\(\rm{ΔH =\dfrac{d}{2}kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

D．反应 \(\rm{2CO(g) + 4H_{2} (g)=CH_{3}OCH_{3} (g) + H_{2}O(g)}\)的\(\rm{ΔH = ( 2b + 2c + d ) kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

3．

甲醇属于可再生能源，可代替汽油作为汽车燃料，下列热化学方程式中的反应热能够正确表示甲醇燃烧热的是( )

A．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l) + 3/2O_{2}(g) = CO_{2}(g) + 2H_{2}O(l); \triangle H = +726.5KJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l) + 3/2O_{2}(g) =CO_{2}(g) + 2H_{2}O(g); \triangle H = -675.3KJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l) + 3/2O_{2}(g) =CO_{2}(g) + 2H_{2}O(l); \triangle H = -726.5KJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{2CH_{3}OH(l) + 3O_{2}(g) =2CO_{2}(g) + 4H_{2}O(l); \triangle H = -1453KJ/mol}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

4．

\(\rm{1}\)，\(\rm{3-}\)丁二烯和\(\rm{2-}\)丁炔分别与氢气反应的热化学方程式如下：

\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{=CH-CH=CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)+2H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)→CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{(g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH= -236.6 x kJ·mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{-C≡C-CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{(g)+2H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)→CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{(g)}\) \(\rm{ΔH= -272.7 x kJ·mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)

由此不能判断 \(\rm{(}\) \(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{1}\)，\(\rm{3-}\)丁二烯和\(\rm{2-}\)丁炔稳定性的相对大小

B．\(\rm{1}\)，\(\rm{3-}\)丁二烯和\(\rm{2-}\)丁炔分子储存能量的相对高低

C．\(\rm{1}\)，\(\rm{3-}\)丁二烯和\(\rm{2-}\)丁炔相互转化的热效应

D．一个碳碳叁键的键能与两个碳碳双键的键能之和的大小

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

5．

现有下列三个图像，下列反应中全部符合上述图像的反应是

A．\(\rm{N_{2}(g) + 3H_{2}(g)⇌ 2NH_{3}(g)}\) 　\(\rm{\triangle H < 0}\)

B．\(\rm{2SO_{3}(g)⇌ 2SO_{2}(g) +O_{2}(g)}\) 　\(\rm{\triangle H > 0}\)

C．\(\rm{2HI(g)⇌ H_{2}(g) + I_{2}(g)}\) 　\(\rm{\triangle H > 0}\)

D．\(\rm{4NH_{3}(g) + 5O_{2}(g)⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H_{2}O(g)}\) 　\(\rm{\triangle H < 0}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

6． \(\rm{①2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═2H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-517.6kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{②HNO_{3}}\) \(\rm{(aq)+NaOH(aq)═NaNO_{3}(aq)+H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-57.3kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{③H_{2}SO_{4}(aq)+2NaOH(aq)═Na_{2}SO_{4}(aq)+2H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-114.6kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{④C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-393.5kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{⑤CO(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-283kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{(1)}\)上述反应中，表示燃烧热的热化学方程式有 ______ ；表示中和热的热化学方程式有 ______ ．
\(\rm{(2)}\)写出下列反应的热化学方程式．
\(\rm{①}\)在\(\rm{25℃}\)、\(\rm{101kPa}\)下，\(\rm{1g}\)甲醇燃烧生成\(\rm{CO_{2}}\)和液态水放热\(\rm{22.68kJ.}\)则表示甲醇燃烧的热化学方程式为 ______
\(\rm{②}\)已知拆开\(\rm{1mol}\) \(\rm{H-H}\)键，\(\rm{1mol}\) \(\rm{N-H}\)键，\(\rm{1mol}\) \(\rm{N≡N}\)键分别需要的能量是\(\rm{436kJ}\)、\(\rm{391kJ}\)、\(\rm{946kJ}\)，则\(\rm{N_{2}}\)与\(\rm{H_{2}}\)反应生成\(\rm{NH_{3}}\)的热化学方程式为 ______ ．

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

7．已知甲醇的燃烧热数值为\(\rm{726.51kJ⋅mol^{-1}.}\)下列热化学方程式书写正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{CH_{4}O+ \dfrac {3}{2}O_{2}═CO_{2}+2H_{2}O\triangle H=-726.51}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{CH_{4}O(l)+ \dfrac {3}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(g)\triangle H=+726.51}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{2CH_{4}O(l)+3O_{2}(g)═2CO_{2}(g)+4H_{2}O(l)\triangle H=+1453.12}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{CH_{4}O(l)+ \dfrac {3}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(l)\triangle H=-726.51}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

8．

甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池中将甲醇蒸气转化为氢气的两种反应原理是：
\(\rm{①CH_{3}OH(g)+H_{2}O(g)═CO_{2}(g)+3H_{2}(g)\triangle H=+49.0kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{②CH_{3}OH(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}(g)\triangle H=-192.9kJ/mol}\)
下列说法正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH}\)的燃烧热为\(\rm{192.9kJ/mol}\)

B．反应\(\rm{①}\)要吸收热量，故反应\(\rm{②}\)更实用些

C．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH}\)转变成\(\rm{H_{2}}\)的过程一定要吸收能量

D．根据\(\rm{②}\)推知反应：\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}(g)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H > -192.9kJ/mol}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

9．

已知在\(\rm{25℃}\)，\(\rm{101kPa}\)下，\(\rm{1g}\) \(\rm{C_{8}H_{18}(}\)辛烷\(\rm{)}\)燃烧生成二氧化碳和液态水时放出\(\rm{48.4kJ}\)热量\(\rm{.}\)表示上述反应的热化学方程式正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{C_{8}H_{18}(l)+ \dfrac {25}{2}O_{2}(g)═8CO_{2}(g)+9H_{2}O(g)\triangle H=-48.4}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{C_{8}H_{18}(l)+ \dfrac {25}{2}O_{2}(g)═8CO_{2}(g)+9H_{2}O(l)\triangle H=-5517.6}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{C_{8}H_{18}(l)+ \dfrac {25}{2}O_{2}(g)═8CO_{2}(g)+9H_{2}O(l)\triangle H=+5517.6}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{C_{8}H_{18}(l)+ \dfrac {25}{2}O_{2}(g)═8CO_{2}(g)+9H_{2}O(l)\triangle H=-48.4}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

10．

\(\rm{1mol}\)碳完全燃烧后可放出\(\rm{393.5KJ}\)的热量，下列热化学方程式正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{C(s)+O_{2}(g)=CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=+393.5}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{C(s)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)=CO(g)\triangle H=-393.5}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{C+O_{2}=CO_{2}\triangle H=-393.5}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{C(s)+O_{2}(g)=CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-393.5}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

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进入组卷

化学式	\(\rm{CO(g)}\)	\(\rm{H_{2}(g)}\)	\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l)}\)
\(\rm{\triangle H/(}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1})}\)	\(\rm{-283.0}\)	\(\rm{-285.8}\)	\(\rm{-726.5}\)