知识点挑题 - 高中化学 - 优优班--学霸训练营

黑火药是中国古代的四大发明之一，其爆炸的热化学方程式为：
\(\rm{S(s)+2KNO_{3}(s)+3C(s)═K_{2}S(s)+N_{2}(g)+3CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=x}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
已知：
碳的燃烧热\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=a}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{S(s)+2K(s)═K_{2}S(s)\triangle H_{2}=b}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{2K(s)+N_{2}(g)+3O_{2}(g)═2KNO_{3}(s)\triangle H_{3}=c}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则\(\rm{x}\)为\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{3a+b-c}\)

B．\(\rm{c-3a-b}\)

C．\(\rm{a+b-c}\)

D．\(\rm{c-a-b}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

2．

通过以下反应均可获取\(\rm{H_{2}}\)。下列有关说法正确的是

\(\rm{①}\)太阳光催化分解水制氢：\(\rm{2H_{2}O(l) ═2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g) ΔH_{1}=571.6 kJ·mol^{–1}}\)

\(\rm{②}\)焦炭与水反应制氢：\(\rm{C(s)+H_{2}O(g) ═CO(g)+ H_{2}(g)ΔH_{2}=131.3 kJ·mol^{–1}}\)

\(\rm{{\,\!}③}\)甲烷与水反应制氢：\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+H_{2}O(g) ═}\) \(\rm{CO(g)+3 H_{2}(g)ΔH_{3}=206.1 kJ·mol^{–1}}\)

A．反应\(\rm{①}\)中电能转化为化学能

B．反应\(\rm{②}\)为放热反应

C．反应\(\rm{③}\)使用催化剂，\(\rm{ΔH_{3}}\)减小

D．反应\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)═}\) \(\rm{C(s)+2H_{2}(g)}\)的\(\rm{ΔH=74.8 kJ·mol^{–1}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

3．

根据盖斯定律判断如图所示的物质转变过程中，\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}}\)、\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}}\)、\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}}\)、\(\rm{\triangle H_{4}}\)的正确关系是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}-\triangle H_{2}-\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{4}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=\triangle H_{2}=\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{4}}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}-\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{2}-\triangle H_{4}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1} > \triangle H_{2} > \triangle H_{3} > \triangle H_{4}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

4．

已知：\(\rm{①F{e}_{2}{O}_{3}(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3C{O}_{2}(g) }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=-25kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)；\(\rm{②3F{e}_{2}{O}_{3}(s)+CO(g)=2F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}(s)+C{O}_{2}(g) }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=-47kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)。下列关于\(\rm{Fe_{3}O_{4}(s)}\)被\(\rm{CO}\)还原成\(\rm{Fe(s)}\)和\(\rm{CO_{2}}\)的热化学方程式的书写中正确的是( )

A．\(\rm{F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}+4CO=3Fe+4C{O}_{2} }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=-14kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)

B．\(\rm{F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}(s)+4CO(g)=3Fe(s)+4C{O}_{2}(g) }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=-22kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)

C．\(\rm{F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}(s)+4CO(g)=3Fe(s)+4C{O}_{2}(g) }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=+14kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)

D．\(\rm{F{e}_{3}{O}_{4}(s)+4CO(g)=3Fe(s)+4C{O}_{2}(g) }\) \(\rm{\Delta H=-14kJ\cdot mo{{l}^{-1}}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

5．

已知：\(\rm{2CO(g)+O_{2}(g)= 2CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-566kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{N_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)= 2NO(g)\triangle H=+180kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则\(\rm{2CO(g)+2NO(g)= N_{2}(g)+2CO_{2}(g)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-386kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{+386}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{-746}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{+746}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

6．

今有如下三个热化学方程式：

\(\rm{H_{2}(g)+1/2O_{2}(g)=2H_{2}O(g)}\)；\(\rm{ΔH=aKJ·mol^{-1}}\)，

\(\rm{H_{2}(g)+1/2O_{2}(g)=H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{ΔH=}\) \(\rm{bkJ·mol^{-1}}\)，

\(\rm{2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)=2H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{ΔH=}\) \(\rm{ckJ·mol^{-1}}\)，

关于它们的下列表述正确的是\(\rm{(}\) \(\rm{)}\)

A．它们都是吸热反应

B．\(\rm{a}\)、\(\rm{b}\)和\(\rm{c}\)均为正值

C．\(\rm{a= b}\)

D．\(\rm{2b= c}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

7．

已知：

\(\rm{①H_{2}O(g)}\)\(\rm{H_{2}O(l) Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}=-}\)\(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{②C_{2}H_{5}OH(g)}\)\(\rm{C_{2}H_{5}OH(l)Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}=-}\)\(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

\(\rm{③C_{2}H_{5}OH(g)+3O_{2}(g)}\)\(\rm{2CO_{2}(g)+3H_{2}O(g) Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}=-}\)\(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

若使\(\rm{23 g}\)液态无水酒精完全燃烧，最后恢复到室温，则放出的热量为\(\rm{(}\)单位：\(\rm{kJ)}\)( )

A．\(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}+}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}+}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

B．\(\rm{1.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}-0.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}+0.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

C．\(\rm{0.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}-1.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}+0.5}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

D．\(\rm{0.5( }\)\(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}+}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}+}\) \(\rm{Q}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3})}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

8．

某反应由两步反应构成，反应过程中的能量变化曲线如图，下列叙述正确的是( )。

A．两步反应均为吸热反应

B．整个反应的\(\rm{Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{=-( }\)\(\rm{E}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{4}+}\) \(\rm{E}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}-}\) \(\rm{E}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}-}\) \(\rm{E}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3})}\)

C．整个反应的\(\rm{ΔH=E_{1}-E_{2}}\)

D．三种化合物中\(\rm{B}\)最稳定

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

9．盖斯定律指出：化学反应的焓变只与各反应物的始态和各生成物的终态有关，而与具体的反应途径无关\(\rm{.}\)物质\(\rm{A}\)在一定条件下可发生一系列转化，由图判断下列关系错误的是

\(\rm{(A→F}\)从\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}}\)递增到\(\rm{\triangle H_{6})}\)

A．\(\rm{A→F \triangle H=-\triangle H_{6}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3}+\triangle H_{4}+\triangle H_{5}+\triangle H_{6}=1}\)

C．\(\rm{C→F}\) \(\rm{|\triangle H|=|\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{6}|}\)

D．\(\rm{|\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3}|=|\triangle H_{4}+\triangle H_{5}+\triangle H_{6}}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

10．黑火药是中国古代的四大发明之一，其爆炸的热化学方程式为：\(\rm{S( }\)\(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)+2KNO_{3}(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)+3C(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)═K_{2}S(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)+N_{2}(}\) \(\rm{g}\)\(\rm{)+3CO_{2}(}\) \(\rm{g}\)\(\rm{)\triangle H=}\) \(\rm{xk}\)\(\rm{J⋅}\) \(\rm{mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)已知：碳的燃烧热\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=}\) \(\rm{ak}\)\(\rm{J⋅}\) \(\rm{mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{S( }\)\(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)+2K(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)═K_{2}S(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)\triangle H_{2}=}\) \(\rm{bk}\)\(\rm{J⋅}\) \(\rm{mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{2K( }\)\(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)+N_{2}(}\) \(\rm{g}\)\(\rm{)+3O_{2}(}\) \(\rm{g}\)\(\rm{)═2KNO_{3}(}\) \(\rm{s}\)\(\rm{)\triangle H_{3}=}\) \(\rm{ck}\)\(\rm{J⋅}\) \(\rm{mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)
则 \(\rm{x}\)为( )

A．\(\rm{c}\)\(\rm{-3}\) \(\rm{a}\)\(\rm{-}\) \(\rm{b}\)

B．\(\rm{3}\) \(\rm{a}\)\(\rm{+}\) \(\rm{b}\)\(\rm{-}\) \(\rm{c}\)

C．\(\rm{a}\)\(\rm{+}\) \(\rm{b}\)\(\rm{-}\) \(\rm{c}\)

D．\(\rm{c}\)\(\rm{-}\) \(\rm{a}\)\(\rm{-}\) \(\rm{b}\)

难度：易

解析收藏试题篮

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