知识点挑题 - 高中化学 - 优优班--学霸训练营

1．
甲烷作为一种新能源在化学领域应用广泛，请回答下列问题：
\(\rm{(1)}\)甲烷\(\rm{-}\)氧气燃料电池是一种清洁能源，该电池用金属铂片插入氢氧化钾溶液中作电极，在两极上分别通甲烷和氧气\(\rm{.}\)其电极反应式分别为：负极 ______ ，正极 ______ \(\rm{.}\)电池在放电过程中溶液的\(\rm{PH}\)将 ______ \(\rm{(}\)填“降低”、“升高”或“不变”\(\rm{)}\)．
\(\rm{(2)}\)以甲烷为原料制取氢气是工业上常用的制氢方法．
已知：\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+H_{2}O(g)═CO(g)+3H_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=+206.2kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+CO_{2}(g)═2CO(g)+2H_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=+247.4kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
写出\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)}\)与\(\rm{H_{2}O(g)}\)反应生成\(\rm{CO_{2}(g)}\)和 \(\rm{H_{2}(g)}\)的热化学方程式为 ______ ．

难度：较易

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2．

已知：\(\rm{(1)Zn(s)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═ZnO(s)}\)，\(\rm{\triangle H=-348.3kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{(2)2Ag(s)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═Ag_{2}O(s)}\)，\(\rm{\triangle H=-31.0kJ/mol}\)
则\(\rm{Zn(s)+Ag_{2}O(s)═ZnO(s)+2Ag(s)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)等于\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-317.3kJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{-379.3kJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{-332.8kJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{+317.3}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

难度：较易

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3．
把煤作为燃料可通过下列两种途径：
途径Ⅰ：\(\rm{C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)\triangle H_{1} < 0}\) \(\rm{①}\)
途径Ⅱ：先制成水煤气：\(\rm{C(s)+H_{2}O(g)═CO(g)+H_{2}(g)\triangle H_{2} > 0②}\)
再燃烧水煤气：\(\rm{2CO(g)+O_{2}(g)═2CO_{2}(g)\triangle H_{3} < 0}\) \(\rm{③}\)
\(\rm{2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═2H_{2}O(g)\triangle H_{4} < 0}\) \(\rm{④}\)
请回答下列问题：
\(\rm{(1)}\)途径Ⅰ放出的热量______\(\rm{(}\)填“大于”、“等于”或“小于”\(\rm{)}\)途径Ⅱ放出的热量．
\(\rm{(2)}\)用\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}}\)、\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}}\)、\(\rm{\triangle H_{4}}\)表示\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}}\)的数学关系式是______．

难度：较易

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4．
盖斯定律在生产和科学研究中有很重要的意义\(\rm{.}\)有些反应的反应热虽然无法直接测得，但可通过间接的方法测定\(\rm{.}\)现根据下列\(\rm{3}\)个热化学反应方程式：
\(\rm{Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-24.8kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{3Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)+CO(g)=2Fe_{3}O_{4}(s)+CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-47.2kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{Fe_{3}O_{4}(s)+CO(g)=3FeO(s)+CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=+640.5kJ/mol}\)
写出\(\rm{CO}\)气体还原\(\rm{FeO}\)固体得到\(\rm{Fe}\)固体和\(\rm{CO_{2}}\)气体的热化学反应方程式：______．

难度：较易

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5．

已知：\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+2O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(g)\triangle H_{1}}\)
\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+2O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{2}}\)
\(\rm{CH_{4}(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═CH_{3}OH(l)\triangle H_{3}}\)
\(\rm{H_{2}O(g)═H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{4}}\)
\(\rm{CH_{3}OH(l)+ \dfrac {3}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{5}}\)
下列关于上述反应焓变的判断不正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1} > \triangle H_{2}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}=\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{4}}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{2}-\triangle H_{5}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H_{4} < 0}\)

难度：较易

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6．

在\(\rm{298K}\)、\(\rm{100kPa}\)时，已知：
\(\rm{2H_{2}O(g)═2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)\triangle H_{1}}\)
\(\rm{H_{2}(g)+Cl_{2}(g)═2HCl(g)\triangle H_{2}}\)
\(\rm{2Cl_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(g)═4HCl(g)+O_{2}(g)\triangle H_{3}}\)
则\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}}\)与\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}}\)和\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}}\)间的关系正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}+2\triangle H_{2}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}-2\triangle H_{2}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}-\triangle H_{2}}\)

难度：较易

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7．
火箭发射时可用肼\(\rm{(N_{2}H_{4})}\)为燃料，以二氧化氮作氧化剂，它们相互反应生成氮气和水蒸气\(\rm{.}\)已知\(\rm{N_{2}(g)+2O_{2}(g)=2NO_{2(}g)\triangle H=+67.7kJ/molN_{2}H_{4}(g)+O_{2}(g)=N_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(g)\triangle H=-534kJ/mol}\)
则\(\rm{N_{2}H_{4}(g)}\)和二氧化氮反应的热化学方程式为 ______ ．

难度：较易

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8．
已知\(\rm{25℃}\)、\(\rm{101kPa}\)时下列反应的热化学方程式为：
\(\rm{①CH_{3}COOH(l)+2O_{2}(g)═2CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=-870.3kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{②C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}=-393.5kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{③H_{2}(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=-285.8kJ/mol}\)
试计算反应：
\(\rm{④2C(s)+2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═CH_{3}COOH(l)}\)在该条件下的反应热\(\rm{\triangle H_{4}}\)．

难度：较易

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9．

已知下列热化学方程式：
\(\rm{(1)CH_{3}COOH(l)+2O_{2}(g)═2CO_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{1}=-870.3kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{(2)C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)\triangle H_{2}=-393.5kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{(3)H_{2}(g)+1/2O_{2}(g)═H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{3}=-285.8kJ/mol}\)
则反应\(\rm{2C(s)+2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═CH_{3}COOH(l)}\)的焓变为\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-488.3}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{-244.15}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{488.3}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{244.15}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

难度：较易

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10．

已知下列热化学方程式：
\(\rm{①C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)∆H =-393.5kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{②CO(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)∆H =-283.0kJ/mol}\)
\(\rm{③2Fe(s)+3CO(g)═Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)+3C(s)∆H =-489.0kJ/mol}\)
则\(\rm{4Fe(s)+3O_{2}(g)═2Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)}\)的反应热\(\rm{\triangle H}\)为\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-1641.0kJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{+3081kJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{+663.5kJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{-2507.0kJ/mol}\)

难度：较易

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