知识点挑题 - 高中化学 - 优优班--学霸训练营

1．已知：\(\rm{C(s)+O_{2}(g)=CO_{2}(g)}\) \(\rm{\triangle H_{1\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;}CO_{2}(g)+C(s)=2CO(g)}\) \(\rm{\triangle H_{2}}\) \(\rm{2CO(g)+O_{2}(g)=2CO_{2}(g)}\) \(\rm{\triangle H_{3\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;}4Fe(s)+3O_{2}(g)=2Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)}\) \(\rm{\triangle H_{4}}\)

\(\rm{3 CO(g)+Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)=3CO_{2}(g)+2Fe(s)}\) \(\rm{\triangle H_{5}}\)

下列关于上述反应焓变的判断正确的是

A．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1} > 0}\)，\(\rm{\triangle H_{3} < 0}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{2} > 0}\)，\(\rm{\triangle H_{4} > 0}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{4}+\triangle H_{5}}\)

难度：易

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2．已知：\(\rm{(1)Zn(s){+}\dfrac{1}{2}O_{2}(g){=}ZnO(s){,\triangle }H{=}{-}348{.}3kJ{/}mol(2)Zn(s){+}Ag_{2}O(s){=}ZnO(s){+}2Ag(s){,\triangle }H{=}{-}317{.}3kJ{/}mol}\)

则\(\rm{2Ag(s){+}\dfrac{1}{2}O_{2}(g){=}Ag_{2}O(s)}\)的\(\rm{{\triangle }H}\)等于\(\rm{({ })}\)

A．\(\rm{31{.}0kJ{/}mol}\)

B．\(\rm{{-}665{.}6kJ{/}mol}\)

C．\(\rm{332{.}8}\) \(\rm{kJ{/}mol}\)

D．\(\rm{{-}31{.}0}\) \(\rm{kJ{/}mol}\)

难度：较易

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3．

已知\(\rm{H_{2}(g)}\)、\(\rm{C_{2}H_{4}(g)}\)和\(\rm{C_{2}H_{5}OH(1)}\)的燃烧热分别是\(\rm{-285.8kJ·mol^{-1}}\)、\(\rm{-1411.0kJ·mol^{-1}}\)和\(\rm{-1366.8kJ·mol^{-1}}\)，则由\(\rm{C}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{4}}\)\(\rm{(g)}\)和\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{O(l)}\)反应生成\(\rm{C}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{5}}\)\(\rm{OH(l)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)为\(\rm{(}\) \(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-44.2kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{+44.2kJ·mlo^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{-330kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{+330kJ·mlo^{-1}}\)

难度：难

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4．工业上制氢气的一个重要反应是：\(\rm{CO(g)+H_{2}O(g)⇌CO_{2}(g)+H_{2}(g)\triangle H}\)，
已知：\(\rm{C(}\)石墨\(\rm{)+1/2}\) \(\rm{O_{2}(g)=CO(g)\triangle H_{1}}\)
\(\rm{H_{2}(g)+1/2}\) \(\rm{O_{2}(g)=H_{2}O(g)\triangle H_{2}}\)
\(\rm{C(}\)石墨\(\rm{)+O_{2}(g)=CO_{2}(g)\triangle H_{3}}\)
则下列说法正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{\triangle H < \triangle H_{3}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1} < \triangle H_{3}}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H=\triangle H_{3}-\triangle H_{2}-\triangle H_{1}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H=\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}-\triangle H_{3}}\)

难度：较易

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5．

已知\(\rm{2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)=2H_{2}O(l)}\)；\(\rm{ΔH=-569.6 kJ·mol^{-1}}\)，\(\rm{2H_{2}O(g)=2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{ΔH=+482.1 kJ·mol^{-1}(}\)注：\(\rm{ΔH < 0}\)为放热反应\(\rm{)}\)。现有\(\rm{1 g}\)液态\(\rm{H_{2}O}\)，蒸发时吸收的热量是 \(\rm{(}\) \(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{2.43 kJ}\)

B．\(\rm{4.86 kJ}\)

C．\(\rm{43.8 kJ}\)

D．\(\rm{87.5 kJ}\)

难度：中等

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6．关于如图所示转化关系\(\rm{(X}\)代表卤素\(\rm{)}\)，说法不正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{2H(g)+2X(g)=2HX(g)\triangle H_{3} < 0}\)

B．途径Ⅰ生成\(\rm{HX}\)的反应热与途径无关，所以\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}=\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3}}\)

C．途径Ⅰ生成\(\rm{HBr}\)放出的热量比生成\(\rm{HCl}\)的少，说明\(\rm{HBr}\)比\(\rm{HCl}\)稳定

D．\(\rm{Cl}\)、\(\rm{Br}\)、\(\rm{I}\)的非金属性依次减弱，所以途径Ⅱ吸收的热量依次减小

难度：较难

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7．

室温下，将\(\rm{1 mol}\)的\(\rm{CuSO_{4}·5H_{2}O(s)}\)溶于水会使溶液温度降低，热效应为\(\rm{Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}}\)，将\(\rm{1 mol}\)的\(\rm{CuSO_{4}(s)}\)溶于水会使溶液温度升高，热效应为\(\rm{Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)，\(\rm{CuSO_{4}·5H_{2}O}\)受热分解的化学方程式为：\(\rm{CuSO_{4}·5H_{2}O(s) \overset{∆}{=} CuSO_{4}(s)+5H_{2}O(l)}\)，热效应为\(\rm{Δ}\)\(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)。则下列判断正确的是( )

A．\(\rm{Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2} > Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

B．\(\rm{Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1} < Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

C．\(\rm{Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}+Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}=Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)

D．\(\rm{Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{1}+Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2} > Δ}\) \(\rm{H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)

难度：较难

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8．

甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池中将甲醇蒸气转化为氢气的两种反应原理是\(\rm{①CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}}\)\(\rm{OH(g)+H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{O(g)=CO}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)+3H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)}\)　\(\rm{ΔH=+49.0 kJ·mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)；\(\rm{②CH}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{3}}\)\(\rm{OH(g)+}\)\(\rm{ \dfrac{1}{2}}\)\(\rm{O}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)=CO}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)+2H}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}_{2}}\)\(\rm{(g)}\)　\(\rm{ΔH=-192.9 kJ·mol}\)\(\rm{{\,\!}^{-1}}\)根据上述反应，下列说法正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．图表示反应\(\rm{①}\)中的能量变化

B．可推知\(\rm{2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)=2H_{2}O(g)}\)　\(\rm{ΔH=-483.8 kJ·mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{1 mol CH_{3}OH}\)充分燃烧放出的热量为\(\rm{192.9 kJ}\)

D．\(\rm{CH_{3}OH}\)转变成\(\rm{H_{2}}\)的过程一定要吸收能量

难度：较易

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9．工业生产硫酸可表示为：\(\rm{FeS_{2}→SO_{2}→SO_{3}→H_{2}SO_{4}}\)
已知：\(\rm{FeS_{2}(s)+ \dfrac {11}{4}O_{2}(g)═ \dfrac {1}{2}Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)+2SO_{2}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H═-853kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{2SO_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═2SO_{3}(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H═-196.6kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{SO_{3}(g)+H_{2}O(l)═H_{2}SO_{4}(l)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H═-130.3kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则\(\rm{1mol}\) \(\rm{FeS_{2}}\)完全转化为\(\rm{H_{2}SO_{4}}\)的反应热等于\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-130.3kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{-1310.2kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{-1179.kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{-853kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：较易

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10．

硝酸生产中，\(\rm{500℃}\)时，\(\rm{NH_{3}}\)和\(\rm{O_{2}}\)可能发生如下反应：
\(\rm{①4NH_{3}(g)+5O_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)⇌4NO}\) \(\rm{(g)+6H_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-907.2kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\) \(\rm{K=1.1×10^{26}}\)
\(\rm{②4NH_{3}}\) \(\rm{(g)+4O_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)⇌2N_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)+6H_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-1104.9kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\) \(\rm{K=4.4×10^{28}}\)
\(\rm{③4NH_{3}}\) \(\rm{(g)+3O_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)⇌2N_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)+6H_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)}\)；\(\rm{\triangle H=-1269.2kJ⋅mol^{-1}K=7.1×10^{34}}\)
下列说法正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．增大压强，则反应的\(\rm{②K}\)不变，反应\(\rm{①}\)和\(\rm{③}\)的\(\rm{K}\)减小

B．\(\rm{500℃}\)时，\(\rm{2NH_{3}(g)+2O_{2}(g)⇌N_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)+3H_{2}O}\) \(\rm{(g)}\) \(\rm{K=2.2×10^{28}}\)

C．\(\rm{500℃}\)时，\(\rm{N_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)+O_{2}}\) \(\rm{(g)=2NO}\) \(\rm{(g)\triangle H=+181}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{500℃}\)时，\(\rm{2}\) \(\rm{mol}\) \(\rm{NH_{3}}\) 与\(\rm{2.5}\) \(\rm{mol}\) \(\rm{O_{2}}\)混合发生反应\(\rm{①}\)，可放出热量\(\rm{453.6}\) \(\rm{kJ}\)

难度：较易

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