知识点挑题 - 高中化学 - 优优班--学霸训练营

\(\rm{HCN}\)无色有杏仁气味的有毒气体，早期广泛用于船舱、仓库的烟熏灭鼠\(\rm{.}\)已知：\(\rm{HCN(}\) \(\rm{aq)}\)与\(\rm{NaOH(aq)}\)反应的焓变\(\rm{\triangle H=-12.1kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)； \(\rm{HCl(aq)}\)与\(\rm{NaOH(aq)}\)反应的焓变\(\rm{\triangle H=-55.6kJ⋅mol^{-1}.}\)则\(\rm{HCN}\)在水溶液中电离的焓变\(\rm{\triangle H}\)等于\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-67.7}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{-43.5}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{+43.5}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{+67.7}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：难

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3．

符合如图所示的转化关系，且当\(\rm{X}\)、\(\rm{Y}\)、\(\rm{Z}\)的物质的量相等时，存在焓变\(\rm{\triangle H=\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}}\)满足上述条件的\(\rm{X}\)、\(\rm{Y}\)可能是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)
\(\rm{①C}\)、\(\rm{CO②S}\)、\(\rm{SO_{2}③Na}\)、\(\rm{Na_{2}O④AlCl_{3}}\)、\(\rm{Al(OH)_{3}⑤Fe}\)、\(\rm{Fe(NO_{3})_{2}⑥NaOH}\)、\(\rm{Na_{2}CO_{3}}\)。

A．\(\rm{①④⑤}\)

B．\(\rm{①②③}\)

C．\(\rm{①③④}\)

D．\(\rm{①③④⑤⑥}\)

难度：较难

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4．

在\(\rm{25℃}\)、\(\rm{101kPa}\)条件下，\(\rm{C(s)}\)、\(\rm{H_{2}(g)}\)、\(\rm{CH_{3}COOH(l)}\)的燃烧热分别为\(\rm{393.5kJ/mol}\)、\(\rm{285.8kJ/mol}\)、\(\rm{870.3kJ/mol}\)，则\(\rm{2C(s)+2H_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)═CH_{3}COOH(l)}\)的反应热为\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-488.3kJ/mol}\)

B．\(\rm{+488.3}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

C．\(\rm{-191}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

D．\(\rm{+191}\) \(\rm{kJ/mol}\)

难度：中等

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5．

盖斯定律指出：化学反应的焓变只与各反应物的始态和各生成物的终态有关，而与具体的反应途径无关\(\rm{.}\)物质\(\rm{A}\)在一定条件下可发生一系列转化，由图判断下列关系错误的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{A→F}\)，\(\rm{\triangle H=-\triangle H_{6}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3}+\triangle H_{4}+\triangle H_{5}+\triangle H_{6}=1}\)

C．\(\rm{C→F}\)，\(\rm{|\triangle H|=|\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{6}|}\)

D．\(\rm{|\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}+\triangle H_{3}|=|\triangle H_{4}+\triangle H_{5}+\triangle H_{6}|}\)

难度：较易

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6．

已知：\(\rm{Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)+ \dfrac {3}{2}C(s)= \dfrac {3}{2}CO_{2}(g)+2Fe(s)\triangle H=+234.1kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{C(s)+O_{2}(g)=CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-393.5kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则\(\rm{2Fe(s)+ \dfrac {3}{2}O_{2}(g)=Fe_{2}O_{3}(s)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-824.4kJ⋅mol^{-}}\)

B．\(\rm{-627.6kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{-744.7kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{-169.4kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：较易

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7．

在\(\rm{298K}\)、\(\rm{100kPa}\)时，已知：\(\rm{2H_{2}O(g)=O_{2}(g)+2H_{2}(g)\triangle H_{1}}\)
\(\rm{Cl_{2}(g)+H_{2}(g)=2HCl(g)\triangle H_{2}}\)
\(\rm{2Cl_{2}(g)+2H_{2}O(g)=4HCl(g)+O_{2}(g)\triangle H_{3}}\)
则\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}}\)与\(\rm{\triangle H_{1}}\)和\(\rm{\triangle H_{2}}\)间的关系正确的是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}+2\triangle H_{2}}\)

B．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}+\triangle H_{2}}\)

C．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}-2\triangle H_{2}}\)

D．\(\rm{\triangle H_{3}=\triangle H_{1}-\triangle H_{2}}\)

难度：较易

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8．

已知：\(\rm{2CO(g)+O_{2}(g)= 2CO_{2}(g)\triangle H=-566kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{N_{2}(g)+O_{2}(g)= 2NO(g)\triangle H=+180kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则\(\rm{2CO(g)+2NO(g)= N_{2}(g)+2CO_{2}(g)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)是\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{-386kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{+386}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{-746}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{+746}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：易

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9．

盖斯定律认为：不管化学过程是一步完成或分为数步完成，这个过程的热效应是相同的．
已知：\(\rm{H_{2}O(g)=H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{1}=-Q_{1}kJ⋅mol^{-1}(Q_{1} > 0)}\)
\(\rm{C_{2}H_{5}OH(g)=C_{2}H_{5}OH(l)\triangle H_{2}=-Q_{2}kJ⋅mol^{-1}(Q_{2} > 0)}\)
\(\rm{C_{2}H_{5}OH(g)+3O_{2}(g)=2CO_{2}(g)+3H_{2}O(g)\triangle H_{3}=-Q_{3}kJ⋅mol^{-1}(Q_{3} > 0)}\)
若使\(\rm{23g}\)液态乙醇完全燃烧，最后恢复到室温，则放出的热量为\(\rm{(kJ)(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{Q_{1}+Q_{2}+Q_{3}}\)

B．\(\rm{0.5(Q_{1}+Q_{2}+Q_{3})}\)

C．\(\rm{0.5}\) \(\rm{Q_{1}-1.5}\) \(\rm{Q_{2}+0.5Q_{3}}\)

D．\(\rm{1.5}\) \(\rm{Q_{1}-0.5}\) \(\rm{Q_{2}+0.5Q_{3}}\)

难度：中等

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10．

已知热化学方程式：
\(\rm{①C_{2}H_{2}(g)+ \dfrac {5}{2}O_{2}(g)═2CO_{2}(g)+H_{2}O(l)\triangle H_{1}=-1301.0kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{②C(s)+O_{2}(g)═CO_{2}(g)\triangle H_{2}=-393.5kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
\(\rm{③H_{2}(g)+ \dfrac {1}{2}O_{2}(g)═H_{2}O(1)\triangle H_{3}=-285.8kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)
则反应\(\rm{④2C(s)+H_{2}(g)═C_{2}H_{2}(g)}\)的\(\rm{\triangle H}\)为\(\rm{(}\)　　\(\rm{)}\)

A．\(\rm{+228.2}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

B．\(\rm{-228.2}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

C．\(\rm{+1301.0}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

D．\(\rm{+621.7}\) \(\rm{kJ⋅mol^{-1}}\)

难度：较易

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